- Ten years after its disputed 'discovery',
cold fusion is a topic shrouded in embarrassed silence. But one physicist
continues to insist that it's for real -- and that he can prove it.
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- Russ George has worked steadily as an
independent scientist to unveil the mystery of the cold fusion reaction
announced ten years ago by chemistry professors Fleischmann and Pons.
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- Last year George presented the first
paper ever to be accepted on the subject of cold fusion by the prestigious
American Physical Society. His photographic evidence, along with experiments
at Stanford Research Institute in California, proved to the scientific
community that cold fusion exists as a controlled nuclear reaction. He
is very close to developing simple and practical applications using this
reaction as a source of low-cost energy. Here, Connie Hargrave interviews
him for Share International.
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- Share International: If cold nuclear
fusion can produce infinite amounts of heat using easily accessible materials
under normal conditions, why is there not more interest in this potential
new source of energy? Why do we not, for instance, read about it more often?
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- Russ George: The concept of cold fusion
does not fit into the existing framework of modern science and threatens
its most basic foundations.
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- The number of people working in this
field around the world has in fact declined from about 1,000 to around
100, because the reaction is very elusive. Cold nuclear fusion is not an
invention, but a phenomenon of nature which is very energetic. Nature,
however, does not seem to use it on a very large scale, and the reaction
is not normally seen as very robust or easily reproducible. For this reason,
producing scientific evidence has been problematic.
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- Most scientists are narrow specialists
and are trained in 'cook-book' methods to alter the ingredients of known
'recipes'. The work with cold fusion is, by contrast, classic frontier
activity, where you are dealing wit h new, mostly unknown territory. Perhaps
it takes a generalist like myself, who has no academic tenure, salary or
reputation to protect, to make headway in this field.
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- Before cold fusion, mankind had harnessed
nuclear fusion only in nuclear weapons. In order to cause a fusion reaction,
as in the hydrogen bomb, it is necessary to have temperatures equal to
those of the centre of the sun. Understandably, fusion scientists laugh
at the possibility of a nuclear reaction occurring at room temperature.
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- SI: If that is so, how did Fleischmann
and Pons know that their discovery was in fact nuclear energy, and not
just a chemical reaction?
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- RG: The people observing these reactions
for the first time were good chemists who understood that the principles
of chemistry did not apply. They were seeing excess heat: they put in 10
watts of electrical power and things would heat up as if they were putting
in 11 watts. With normal chemical reactions the production of heat ceases
when the fuel is used up, but Pons and Fleischmann knew that theirs was
not a chemical reaction, because the energy produced far exceeded anything
known in chemistry, and therefore they reasoned that the reaction was nuclear.
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- SI: Why do so many other scientists disagree?
Why are these findings being treated as an aberration?
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- RG: A nuclear reaction is considered
synonymous with the presence of radiation, and the scientific mind set
does not allow for a nuclear reaction which emits no measurable radiation.
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- Scientists have said: "Where there
is nuclear fire there have to be nuclear ashes," and everyone knows
that the "ashes" of a nuclear reaction is radiation. Cold fusion
produces intense alpha radiation, which is totally different: it takes
only a few atoms to shield you from it, whereas it takes three feet of
lead to shield you from the nuclear radiation produced by an atom bomb
explosion. In sum, because cold fusion does not produce energetic, penetrating
nuclear radiation, scientists have disclaimed it " as not being nuclear.
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- This view is now totally entrenched,
a bit like the flat-earth concept was at the time of Copernicus.
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- When science acknowledges cold fusion,
nuclear and atomic physics will have to be reconsidered. Scientists will
have to ask themselves: "Have we made other assumptions that are wrong?
What else have we missed?" The discovery of cold fusion pulls three
legs out from every chair of contemporary physics, so to speak.
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- SI: I thought scientists were in essence
curious people and would be delighted with such a possibility.
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- RG: Some are, but not the last few generations
of scientists who are now the leading authorities in physics. Consider
the position of the individuals who are at the top of their field, who
have written the definitive text books, who are in their 50s and 60s and
have tenure at prestigious universities.
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- What these early cold fusion results
are telling them is: "The text book you completed 10 years ago, which
is the 'bible' of nuclear physics, is mostly wrong. In fact, you left out
the most important nuclear data yet to be discovered by mankind, which
is that there is a whole other family of nuclear reactions that proceeds
without penetrating radiation."
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- SI: You have photographic evidence that
cold fusion does exist?
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- RG: Yes. I presented a scientific paper
to the American Physical Society in the spring of 1998, which demonstrates
at a microscopic level that a nuclear reaction took place. The photos show
that the metal palladium, when used in cold fusion reactions, is covered
with eruptions like micro volcanoes in it. This indicated that something
had gotten very hot and melted or vaporized the metal, but only in tiny
pinpoints. Since we know the melting point ofpalladium, we calculated the
amount of energy required to melt such a pinpoint without melting the surroundings.
The number we arrived at was so astronomically high that it demanded a
nuclear source of energy.
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- SI: How was your evidence received?
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- RG: Politely. Scientists said: "Yes,
you have evidence of nuclear heat, but there is no radiation, so the reaction
cannot be nuclear." This is circular logic, because these scientists
are not open to the possibility of the existence of any other type of nuclear
reaction.
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- SI: What have you had to prove to demonstrate
conclusively that a nuclear reaction is indeed occurring?
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- RG: That helium is produced, as you would
expect when you fuse two atoms of hydrogen " or deuterium <http://www.mg.co.za/mg/news/99mar2/29mar-coldfusion.html#note1*
in this instance. There was always evidence of the presence of helium,
but skeptics have dismissed this by saying that it must have "leaked
in" from the atmosphere.
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- SI: Have you been able to prove that
this is not so?
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- RG: At the Stanford Research Institute
in July 1998, I was able to use a high-quality mass spectrometer for my
experiments. This instrument can measure atoms exactly, and it established
that the concentration of helium is above 10 parts per million as a result
of the cold fusion reaction. I also used hydrogen gas for the reaction
instead of heavy water <http://www.mg.co.za/mg/news/99mar2/29mar-coldfusion.html#note**.
(Water is the bane of spectrometers because it is 'dirty', making the results
inaccurate.)
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- My experiments using gaseous substances
have been successful. As a result, all scientists can now examine the procedure,
which concludes that this amount of extra helium could not have 'leaked
in' from the surrounding atmosphere, because it cannot 'leak' from a lower
to a higher concentration.
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- The next step would be to have my findings
corroborated by an independent source such as the Pacific Northwest Laboratory
of the US Department of Energy, which is the world's top facility in detecting
helium in nuclear reactions. The cost of such testing is prohibitive to
an individual like myself, however, and needs financial backing.
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- SI: You have worked mostly on your own?
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- RG: Yes, I have no formal resources,
but through my association with top scientists and Nobel Prize winners
I have been able to carry out my work independently. For instance, I have
been able to use the best available spectrometers at Stanford Research
International although I have no official clearance to use the facility.
They turned a blind eye, and I came in through the back door every day
to do the work. Similarly, I have done experiments at the US Government
Nuclear Research laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico.
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- SI: How close are we to having practical
applications from this discovery?
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- RG: In my current experiments, I am using
a regular gas cylinder filled with hydrogen gas and some active materials,
and it just heats up. The more volume you use, the hotter it gets. This
reaction will keep going indefinitely. The cylinder is typical of any used
for compressed gas, such as a tank used at an amusement park for filling
balloons with helium. The only difference is that this cylinder will maintain
a temperature of about 250C or 400F almost for ever.
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- SI: The materials will not be used up,
nor are they too expensive?
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- RG: No. A fusion reaction can produce
heat for centuries without "using up" the materials. The reaction
uses 'heavy hydrogen' which, like hydrogen, is an abundant element in the
universe. This reaction also works with other materials " some just
work better than others " so no-one will be able to monopolize the
materials to make exclusive profits.
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- SI: I presume that electric companies
are not interested in cold nuclear fusion?
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- RG: No, because with cold nuclear fusion
you have only the one-time-cost of the mechanism and the materials. In
fact, cold fusion is technology that can in the future be used on a small
scale by anyone who is inventive. It is so simple that it will be impossible
to build technological barriers around it.
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- SI: I understand large corporations are
funding cold fusion research.
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- RG: Yes, Fiat, Mitsubishi and Toyota
continue to fund research, but they are very secretive. Their success has
also been limited because of how the reaction works. In addition the energy
produced is "slow and steady", so that it can for instance heat
a home or a greenhouse, but it is not yet of the intensity to power a fast-moving
vehicle.
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- SI: What practical applications do you
foresee for cold fusion?
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- RG: We should be able to develop applications
which will benefit everyone. Poor countries like Sri Lanka or Ghana, who
do not have the wealth or access to the technology to build nuclear power
weapons, could certainly use this new technology. Since the cylinder will
just sit there and produce heat indefinitely, you can, for instance, wrap
coils of pipe around it to circulate water and so create hot water. This
will cause a huge breakthrough in areas where the cost of energy has been
prohibitive to date. Things like the desalination of water and the large-scale
heating of greenhouses will become economical. With engineering, it could
eventually be used on a large scale to produce electricity.
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- Business interests who have the resources
to pay teams of experts will soon be able to make products for commercial
uses. Applications for use in homes will take longer because of more stringent
safety regulations which require lengthy testing.
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- * Heavy hydrogen, or deuterium, has an
extra neutron in its nucleus.
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- ** Heavy water contains heavy hydrogen.
This form of heavy water is found in abundance in seawater.
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- For further information, contact: Russ
George <rgeorge@hooked.net Share International <http://simedia.org/main.html
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- Share International is a free information
exchange service. March 29, 1999.
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