- ON THE POSSIBILITY OF DIRECTLY ACCESSING
EVERY HUMAN BRAIN BY ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION OF FUNDAMENTAL ALGORITHMS
-
- By M.A. Persinger Laurentian University
June 1995 Perceptual and Motor Skills, June 1995, 80, 791-799. (c) Perceptual
and Motor Skills, ISSN 0031-5125
-
- Summary -- Contemporary neuroscience
suggests the existence of fundamental algorithms by which all sensory transduction
is translated into the intrinsic, brain-specific code. Direct stimulation
of these codes within the human temporal or limbic cortices by applied
electromagnetic patterns may require energy levels which are within the
range of both geomagnetic activity and contemporary communication networks.
A process which is coupled to the narrow band of brain temperature could
allow all normal human brains to be affected by a subharmonic whose frequency
range at about 10 Hz would only vary by 0.1 Hz.
-
- The pursuit of the basic algorithms by
which all human brains operate can be considered a central theme of modern
neuroscience. Although individual differences are expected to accommodate
most of the variance in any specific neurobehavioral measure, there should
exist basic patterns of information and structure within brain space. They
would be determined by the human genome, i.e., be species-specific, and
would contribute to or would serve as the substrate upon which all phenomena
that affect neurobehavioral measures are superimposed.
-
- One logical extrapolation to a neurophysical
basis of consciousness is that all experiences must exist as correlates
of complex but determined sequences of electromagnetic matrices. They would
control the theme for the format of cognition and affect while the myriad
of possible serial collections of random variations of "noise"
within the matrices could potentially differentiate between individual
brains. Identification of these sequences could also allow direct access
to the most complex neurocognitive processes associated with the sense
of self, human consciousness and the aggregate of experiential representations
(episodic memory) that define the individual within the brain (Squire,
1987).
-
- The existence of fundamental commonalities
between all human brains by which a similar physical stimulus can affect
them is not a new concept. It is demonstrated daily by the similar shifts
in qualitative functions that are evoked by psychotropic drugs. Classes
of chemical structures, crudely classified as antidepressant, antipsychotic,
or anxiolytic compounds, produce general attenuations of lowered mood,
extreme eccentric thinking, or extreme vigilance. The characteristics of
these changes are very similar within millions of different human brains
regardless of their cultural or genetic history. The idiosyncratic experiences
such as the specific thoughts and images which reflect each person's continuing
process of adaptation are superimposed upon these general functions. When
translated into the language of neuroelectrical domains, the unique components
of individual consciousness would be both embedded within and interacting
with the species-invariant patterns.
-
- We have been studying the phenomenological
consequences of exposure to complex electromagnetic fields whose temporal
structures have been derived from the most recently observed neuroelectrical
profiles such as burst-firing or long-term potentiating sequences (Brown,
Chapman, Kairiss, & Keenan, 1988) which can be considered the prototypical
basis of a major domain of brain activity. These temporal patterns of potential
codes for accessing and influencing neuronal aggregates have been applied
across the two cerebral hemispheres (through the regions of the temporoparietal
lobes or within the region of the hippocampal-amygdaloid complex) of the
brain as weak electromagnetic fields whose intensities are usually less
than 10 milligauss (1 microT). The purpose of this research, as suggested
by both E.R. John (1967) and Sommerhoff (1974), is to identify the basic
codes for the language of the representational systems within the human
brain.
-
- In the tradition of Johannes Mueller,
we have assumed that the normal transduction of stimuli by sensors into
afferent, graded potentials and the subsequent translation into digital
patterns of action potentials (which are more likely to behave functionally
as a composite of pixels within a neural field) can be circumvented by
_direct_ introduction of this information within the brain. Induction of
complex information would require simulation of the resonance patterns
which would normally be transiently created by sensory afferents. The basic
premise is that synthetic duplication of the neuroelectrical correlates
generated by sensors to an actual stimulus should produce identical experiences
without the presence of that stimulus.
-
- We have focused upon the polymodal and
most labile portions of the parahippocampal (Van Hoesen, 1982) and entorhinal
cortices (Vinagradova, 1975) and the anterior superior gyrus of the temporal
cortices (Bancaud, Brunet-Bourgin, Chauvel, & Halgren, 1994) as the
region within which circumvention would be most probable. Extraction and
translation of neural patterns from different sensory inputs into common
codes occur within these regions before they are consciously perceived
(Edelman, 1989). That central codes are present was shown by E.R. John
(1967, pp. 348-349) who reported an immediate transference of the operant
control of a response from a pulsatile auditory stimulus to a pulsatile
visual stimulus if its _temporal_pattern_ was identical to the previous
(acoustic) stimulus.
-
- We (Fleming, Persinger, & Koren,
1994) reported that whole brain exposure of rats to a 5-microT burst-firing
magnetic field for 1 sec. every 4 sec. evoked an analgesic response that
was similar to that elicited by the application of more noxious, tactile
simulation for 1 sec. every 4 sec. directly to the footpads. Direct electrical
stimulation of the limbic structures which simulate episodic, systemic
application of muscarinic (cholinergic) agents can evoke electrical kindling
(Cain, 1989). More recently, direct induction of chaotic electrical sequences
within the labile CA1 region of the hippocampus has been shown either to
promote and attenuate paroxysmal discharges (Schiff, Jerger, Duong, Chang,
Spano, & Ditto, 1994).
-
- These results strongly indicate that
imitation of the temporal pattern of sensory transmission directly within
the brain by any nonbiogenic stimuli can evoke changes which are just as
effective as (and perhaps require less energy than) classical transduction.
As stated more recently and succinctly by E.R. John (1990), the fundamental
operation of brain electrical activity suggests that some form of frequency
encoding may play a significant role in informational transactions within
and between brain structures. Consciousness would be associated with an
electromagnetic pattern generated by a neural aggregate with invariant
statistical features which are independent of the cells contributing to
each feature (John 1990, p. 53).
-
- The effects of applied time-varying magnetic
fields upon brain activity have been considered minimal or within the range
of normal biological limits unless the intensity of the field exceeded
natural endogenous or exogenous (ambient) levels by several orders of magnitude.
Until very recently, almost all of the studies from which this conclusion
was derived involved highly redundant stimuli such as 60 Hz fields or repetitive
pulses. A simple illustration presents the problem: only 1 min. of a 60-Hz
sine-wave field exposes a neural net to 3,600 presentations (60 sec. x
60 cycles per sec.) of the _same_ redundant information. Even general estimates
of habituation (Persinger, 1979) such as the equation H=IRT2/Rt (IRT=interresponse
time, Rt=duration of response) indicate that habituation to the stimulus
would have occurred long before its termination after 1 min. Although the
burst-firing frequencies (100 to 200 Hz) of the hippocampal neurons, for
example, exceed this pattern, they are not temporally symmetrical and exhibit
a variability of interstimulus intervals that would contain different information
and would attenuate habituation.
-
- The apparent dependence of organismic
responses upon the intensity of the applied electromagnetic field, the
"intensity-dependent response curve," could simply be an artifact
of the absence of biorelevant information within the wave pattern. If the
temporal structure of the applied electromagnetic field contained detailed
and biorelevant information (Richards, Persinger, & Koren, 1993), then
the intensity of the field required to elicit a response could be several
orders of magnitude below the values which have been previously found to
elicit changes. For example, Sandyk (1992) and Jacobson (1994) have found
that complex magnetic fields with variable interstimulus pulse durations
could evoke unprecedented changes in melatonin levels even with intensities
within the nanoT range.
-
- The classical counterargument that "very
strong" magnetic fields must be present "to exceed or to compensate
for the electromagnetic noise associated with intrinsic (Boltzmann) thermal
energies" is based upon equations and calculations for the quantitative
indices of aggregates of molecular activity and not upon the _pattern_
of their interaction.
-
- There are other possibilities. For example,
Weaver and Astumian (1990) have shown mathematically that detection of
very weak (microV/cm) fields can occur if the response is exhibited within
a narrow band of frequencies; the detection is a function of both thermally
induced fluctuations in membrane potential and the maximum increment of
change in the membrane potential which is evoked by the applied magnetic
field. The ion-cyclotron-resonance model which was initiated by the research
of Blackman, Bename, Rabinowitz, House, and Joines (1985) and supported
by Lerchl, Reiter, Howes, Honaka, and Stokkan (1991) indicates that, when
an alternating magnetic field at a distance (resonance) frequency is superimposed
upon a steady-state magnetic field, the movement of calcium and other ions
can be facilitated with very small energies. More than 25 years ago, Ludwig
(1968) developed a compelling (but hereto ignored) mathematical argument
which described the absorption of atmospherics within the brain.
-
- Above these minimal thresholds, the information
content of the wave structure becomes essential. The simplest analogy would
be the response of a complex neural network such as a human being to sonic
energy. If only a 1000-Hz (sine wave) tone were presented, the intensity
required to evoke a response could well exceed 90 db; in this instance
the avoidant response would be overt and crude. However, if the structure
of the sonic field was modified to exhibit the complex pattern which was
equivalent to biorelevant information such as "help me, I am dying,"
field strengths several orders of magnitude weaker, e.g., 30 db, could
be sufficient. This single, brief but information-rich stimulus would evoke
a response which could recruit every major cognitive domain. If the information
within the structure of the applied magnetic field is a major source of
its neurobehavioral effect, then the "intensity-dependent" responses
which are interpreted as support for experimental hypotheses of biomagnetic
interaction could be both epiphenomenal and artifactual. Such amplification
of electromagnetic-field strengths would also increase the intensity of
the extremely subtle and almost always ignored subharmonics, ripples, and
other temporal anomalies which are superimposed upon or within the primary
frequency. These subtle anomalies would be due to the artifacts within
the different electronic circuits and components whose similarities are
based upon the fidelity of the endpoint (the primary frequency) despite
the different geometries employed to produce the endpoint.
-
- If information rather than intensity
is important for interaction with the neural network (Jahn & Dunne,
1987), then _these_ unspecified "background" patterns may be
the source of both the experimental effects and the failures of interlaboratory
replications. A concrete example of this problem exists within the putative
association between exposure to power (60 Hz) frequency magnetic fields
and certain types of cancer. The existence of these transients, often superimposed
upon the fundamental 60-Hz frequency, is still the least considered factor
in the attempts to specify the characteristics of the fields which promote
aberrant mitosis (Wilson, Stevens, & Anderson, 1990).
-
- Within the last five years, several researchers
have reported that direct and significant effects upon specific neuropatterns
can be evoked by extremely weak magnetic fields whose intensities are within
the range of normal geomagnetic variations. Sandyk (1992) has discerned
significant changes in vulnerable subjects such as patients who were diagnosed
with neurological disorders following exposure of short durations to magnetic
fields whose strengths are within the pT to nT range but whose spatial
applications are multifocal (a fasces-type structure) and designed to introduce
heterogeneous patterns within a very localized brain space. The effective
components of the field (which are assumed to be discrete temporal patterns
due to the modulation of the frequency and intensity of the electromagnetic
fields) are not always obvious; however, the power levels for these amplitudes
are similar to those associated with the signals (generated globally by
radio and communication systems) within which most human beings are exposed
constantly.
-
- The most parsimonious process by which
all human brains could be affected would require (1) the immersion of all
the approximately 6 billion brains of the human species within the same
medium or (2) a coercive interaction because there was facilitation of
a very narrow-band window of vulnerability within each brain. For the first
option, the steady-state or "permanent" component of the earth's
magnetic field meets the criterion. The possibility that masses of susceptible
people could be influenced during critical conditions by extremely small
variations (less than 1%) of the steady-state amplitude (50,000 nT) of
the earth's magnetic field such as during geomagnetic storms (50 to 500
nT) has been discussed elsewhere (Persinger, 1983). Recent experimental
evidence which has shown a threshold in geomagnetic activity of about 20
nT to 30 nT for the report of vestibular experiences in human beings and
the facilitation of limbic seizures in rodents is consistent with this
hypothesis.
-
- The potential for the creation of an
aggregate process with gestalt-like properties which reflect the average
characteristics of the brains that are maintained with this field and that
generate the aggregate has also been developed (Persinger & Lafreniere,
1977) and has been labelled the "geopsyche." This phenomenon
would be analogous to the vectorial characteristics of an electromagnetic
field which is induced by current moving through billions of elements such
as wires contained within a relative small volume compared to the source.
Such gestalts, like fields in general, also affect the elements which contribute
to the matrix (Freeman, 1990).
-
- The second option would require access
to a very narrow limit of physical properties within which all brains are
maintained to generate consciousness and the experience of self-awareness.
This factor would be primarily loaded by the variable of brain temperature.
Although the relationship between absolute temperature and wavelength is
generally clear [an example which can be described by Wien's law and is
well documented in astrophysics (Wyatt, 1965)], the implications for access
to brain activity have not been explored. The fragile neurocognitive processes
that maintain consciousness and the sense of self normally exist between
308[degrees]K and 312[degrees]K (35[degrees]C and 39[degrees]C). The fundamental
wavelength associated with this emission is about 10 micrometers which
is well within the long infrared wavelength.
-
- However, the ratio of this normal range
divided by the absolute temperature for normal brain activity which maintains
neurocognitive processes is only about 0.013 (4[degrees]K/312[degrees]K)
or 1.3%. If there were a subharmonic pattern in naturally occurring or
technically generated magnetic fields which also reflected this ratio,
then all brains which were operative within this temperature range could
be affected by the harmonic. For example, if 11.3 Hz were one of these
subharmonic electromagnetic frequencies, variations of only 1.3% of this
mean, i.e., 11.3 Hz +/- [plus or minus] 0.1 Hz, would hypothetically be
sufficient to affect the operations of all normal brains. If this "major
carrier frequency" contained biorelevant information by being modulated
in a meaningful way, then the effective intensities could well be within
the natural range for background radiation (microwatts/cm2) and could be
hidden as chaotic components within the electromagnetic noise associated
with power generation and use.
-
- One of the major direct prophylactics
to the effects of these fields would require alterations in core (brain)
temperature such as deep but reversible hypothermia. However, this condition
would disrupt the biochemical process upon which neuronal activity and
hence consciousness depends. Treatments which precipitate alterations in
neural activity, similar to those which are associated with crude hypothermia,
would be less disruptive. Specific candidates which affect multiple receptor
systems such as clozepine (Clozaril) and acepromazine could be possible
pharmacological interventions.
-
- The characteristics of the algorithm
for euthermic individuals are likely to be conspicuous (once isolated)
but should now be hidden within the synchronous activity which is (1) modified
and filtered by aggregates of neurons and (2) modulated by sensory inputs
and intrinsic oscillations (Kepler, Marder, & Abbott, 1990) before
they are crudely measured by electrodes. Because the fundamental algorithm
would be essentially a stable parameter of body temperature, most electrode
montages (including monopolar to a nonbrain reference, e.g., ear) would
cancel or attenuate this index. Effectively, the algorithm would be expressed
in a manner similar to descriptors for other aggregate phenomena as a physical
constant or as a limited set of these constants. This suggestion is commensurate
with the observation that the underlying neuronal networks which coordinate
millions of neurons manifest the properties of a (mathematical) strange
attractor with a very limited number of degrees of freedom (Lopes, Da Silva,
Kamphuis, Van Neerven, & Pijn, 1990).
-
- The physical chemical evidence for a
fundamental process, driven by a narrow limit of biological temperature,
has been accumulating. Fixed, oscillatory electromagnetic variations have
been shown _in_vitro_ for enzymes of the glycolytic pathway (Higgins, Frenkel,
Hulme, Lucas, & Rangazas, 1973) whose narrow band of temperature sensitivity
(around 37[degrees]C) is well known. Although these oscillations are often
measured as periods (2.5-min. cycles), Ruegg (1973) reported a clear temperature
dependence of these oscillations within a range of 1 to 20 Hz between 20[degrees]C
and 35[degrees]C in invertebrate muscle.
-
- The most probable brain source which
might serve as the primary modulatory of these biochemical oscillators
would involve structures within the thalamus (Steriade & Deschenes,
1984). Neuronal aggregates with surprisingly fixed (within 0.1-Hz) oscillations
are found within this structure and depend primarily upon neurons that
require gamma amino butyric acid or GABA (von Krosigk, Bal, & McCormick,
1993). This inhibitory amino acid is specially derived from the normal,
temperature-sensitive degradation of glucose by the GABA shunt (Delorey
& Olsen, 1994).
-
- Within the last two decades (Persinger,
Ludwig, & Ossenkopp, 1973) a potential has emerged which was improbable
but which is now marginally feasible. This potential is the technical capability
to influence directly the major portion of the approximately six billion
brains of the human species without mediation through classical sensory
modalities by generating neural information within a physical medium within
which all members of the species are immersed. The historical emergence
of such possibilities, which have ranged from gunpowder to atomic fission,
have resulted in major changes in the social evolution that occurred inordinately
quickly after the implementation. Reduction of the risk of the inappropriate
application of these technologies requires the continued and open discussion
of their _realistic_ feasibility and implications within the scientific
and public domain.
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- Please send reprint requests and correspondence
to Dr. M.A. Persinger,
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Laurentian,
Ramsey Lake Road,
- Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada.
-
- ___________
-
- MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 65
- V E R I C O M M / MindNet "Quid
veritas est?"
-
- Editor - Mike Coyle
- Assistant Editor - Rick Lawler
- Research - Darrell Bross
-
- Editor's Note:
- This statement by the author of the following
paper says it all:
-
- "Within the last two decades (Persinger,
Ludwig, & Ossenkopp, 1973) a
- potential has emerged which was improbable
but which is now marginally
- feasible. This potential is the technical
capability to influence
- directly the major portion of the approximately
six billion brains of
- the human species without mediation through
classical sensory modalities
- by generating neural information within
a physical medium within which
- all members of the species are immersed."
-
- The medium he is referring to is the
atmosphere of this planet.
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