- Martin Van Creveld, a professor of military history at
the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, has been quoted as saying: "Most
European capitals are targets for our air force....We have the capability
to take the world down with us. And I can assure you that that will happen
before Israel goes under."[38]
-
- The phrase the "Samson Option" is used to describe
Israel's strategy of massive nuclear retaliation against "enemy"
nations should its existence as a Jewish state be jeopardized through military
attack. Israeli leaders created the term in the mid-1960s, inspired by
the Biblical figure Samson, who destroyed a Philistine temple, killing
himself and thousands of Philistine enemies.[1][2]
-
- Israel refuses to admit officially that it has nuclear
weapons - a policy known as "nuclear ambiguity" or "nuclear
opacity."[3] This despite government officials inferring repeatedly
- and occasionally admitting - the fact. And despite Israeli nuclear whistle
blower Mordechai Vanunu making public smuggled photographs of nuclear
weapons and production equipment in the 1980s.[4] Israel now may have as
many as 400 atomic and hydrogen nuclear weapons,[5][6] as well as the
ability to launch them via long range missiles, submarines and aircraft.[7]
It can use them in a second strike even if its military is devastated.
-
- Originally a strategy of last resort retaliation - even
if it means Israel's annihilation - it has developed into being a nuclear
bullying strategy to further Israel's territorial goals through threats
and blackmail. Israel has bullied not only Arab and Muslim nations, but
the United States and Russia with its Samson Option threats.
- Mordechai Vanunu has alleged that Israel uses for purposes
of blackmail its ability to "bombard any city all over the world,
and not only those in Europe but also those in the United States."[8]
-
-
- ISRAEL NUCLEAR TIME LINE
-
- (collected from various sources)
- 1949: French and Israel atomic researchers start to
exchange information. Israeli Defence Force Science Corps begins two year
geological survey of the Negev desert in search of recoverable Uranium.
-
- 1952: Israeli Atomic Energy Commission is created. Its
chairman, Ernst David Bergmann of Israel's Weizman Institute of Science,
"the father of Israel's bomb," has been promoting nuclear armed
missiles for Israel since arriving after World War II. Newly elected President
Eisenhower will refuse to sell arms to Israel during his two terms, ending
in 1960. France sells them to Israel from 1955 to 1967.
-
-
 ....
-
- Israeli nuclear plant at Dimona, left. Mordechai Vanunu
photo, right. More Vanunu photos from inside Dimona here.
- (http://www.vanunu.com/uscampaign/photos.html)
-
-
- 1955: Under Atoms for Peace program, overseen by pro-Israel
Lewis Stauss who was head of America's Atomic Energy Commission, U.S. helps
fund a small Israeli nuclear research reactor. Strauss learned about Dimona
and its purpose before the U.S. government but did not inform the U.S.
government.
-
- 1953: Israeli researchers perfect a process for extracting
Uranium, and developing a new method of producing heavy water, which is
a key ingredient in the process. Hundreds of millions of dollars will
be raised to build Israel's nuclear bomb over the next twenty years, mostly
from American Jews; effort is led by Abraham Feinberg who financially backs
both Presidents Truman and Johnson, as well as presidential candidate Adlai
Stevenson. (John F. Kennedy accepts his money but is incensed by the pro-Israel
lobbying.)
-
- 1956: France and Israel formally and secretly agree to
build a nuclear reactor in the Negev desert. Britain, France and Israel
invade Egypt (Suez Canal crisis) and the Soviet Union threatens to use
rockets against them if they do not desist, leading to a cease-fire. U.S.
begins U-2 spy flights over targets world wide, including Israel.
-
- 1957: France and Israel sign a revised agreement calling
for France to build a 24 MWt reactor; unwritten was the agreement to build
a plutonium reprocessing plant.
-
- 1958: Israel breaks ground at Dimona, with assistance
of French scientists and contractors, and U-2 spy planes provide evidence
Israelis are building nuclear plant there.
-
- 1960: Israeli scientists witness first French atomic
explosion in South Pacific. French President Charles DeGaulle threatens
to cut off reactor fuel if Israel doesn't accept international inspections,
but eventually accepts Israel's assertions Dimona is only for peaceful
purposes and work continues. United States intelligence leaks to the press
that Israel is building a secret nuclear facility that will eventually
produce a nuclear bomb. Israel admits this to its Parliament and world
but claims it is only for peaceful purposes.
-
- 1961: President Kennedy makes the man who leaked Israel's
bomb to the press head of the CIA. Kennedy is very opposed to Israel having
the bomb and tells Israeli Prime Minister Ben-Gurion so in many letters
and in meeting in New York about the purpose of Dimona. Ben-Gurion tells
him its purpose is peaceful and refuses to allow international inspections.
Israel launches its first rocket.
-
- 1962: Ben-Gurion allows inspections by American inspectors
only in return for sales of Hawk surface-to-air missiles. Israel builds
a fake control room and bricks off parts of buildings to hide from inspectors
the true size and purpose of the reactor (three times bigger than admitted)
and that it was connected to a plutonium reprocessing plant; this feint
continues during seven such inspections until they end in 1969. Reactor
at Dimona goes into operation.
-
- 1963: Kennedy refuses to sign any security arrangement
with Israel.
- After Kennedy assassination brings the very pro-Israel
Lyndon Johnson to power. (Not surprisingly there is an assassination conspiracy
theory that the Mossad killed Kennedy.)
-
- 1964: Dimona plutonium processing plant goes online.
In first official visit by an Israeli Prime Minister (Eshkol) to Washington,
Johnson promises Israel offensive fighter jets and other weapons if it
refrains from producing nuclear weapons. Israel's Eshkol eventually agrees
to Johnson's terms and holds off on producing the bomb for a few years.
China explodes first nuclear bomb.
-
- 1965: Israel performs its first plutonium extraction,
and France assists Israel in developing its Jericho missiles.
-
- 1966: U.S. begins fighter jet and arms shipments to
Israel. Johnson discourages further reports on Israel nuclear situation
from U.S. embassy in Israel. Israel refuses money for nuclear desalination
plant which is tied to international inspections of Dimona.
-
- 1967: Six Day War when Israel pre-emptively attacks an
Egyptian military buildup in the Sinai Peninsula. Israel attacks USS Liberty
surveillance vessel, killing 34 sailors; (see BBC allegation below that
Israelis wanted to instigate a U.S. nuclear attack on Cairo).
- Soviet Union supports Arabs militarily, sends ships to
the region and breaks diplomatic ties with Israel. Americans unofficially
inform Israel that the Soviet Union has put four Israeli cities on its
nuclear target list.
-
- 1968: Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, believing Israel
cannot depend on the U.S. to defend it, unilaterally orders full production
of nuclear weapons, averaging four to twelve per year, depending on size.
Israel illicitly imports two hundred tons of uranium.
-
- 1969: President Richard Nixon takes office and fully
supports Israel's nuclear weapons, as does his National Security chief
Henry Kissinger. Ends American inspections at Dimona and shares some nuclear
targeting information about the Soviet Union. CIA tries to inform President
Johnson about Dimona, but he brushes off information, signs Nonproliferation
Treaty, and sends Israel advanced Phantom fighter jets.
-
- 1973: Israelis catch Soviet spy ring in high levels of
Israeli government and make it clear to Soviets they have produced "suitcase
nukes" they could sneak into Russia. Egypt and Syria attack unprepared
Israeli forces in Sinai and Golan Heights on the Jewish fast in Yom Kippur
War. Israel goes on nuclear alert and begins to ready nuclear weapons for
actual use, forcing the U.S. to airlift them weapons and to start redeploying
nuclear armed ships and airplanes.
- When Soviets started talking about sending in Russian
troops, Israel again goes on nuclear alert. Washington pressures Israel
to accept a cease-fire.
-
- 1974: Defense Minister Dayan visits South Africa to discuss
testing a nuclear weapon there.
-
- 1975: Israel receives nuclear-capable Lance missiles
from the United States, even as U.S. remains in official denial about Israel
having nuclear weapons.
-
- 1976: South Africa's Prime Minister visits Israel to
sign several nuclear and other agreements.
-
- 1977: Menachem Begin's right wing expansionist Likud
Party takes power in Israel and is determined to reshape Middle East to
suit Israel's needs, including through using the nuclear threat. Commits
to nuclear targeting of even more cities in the Soviet Union. President
Carter does not take on the issue, despite conducting Camp David peace
talks between Egypt and Israel.
-
- 1979: President Carter provides Israel ability to see
American spy satellite photos for defense purposes only, but Israelis manage
to get them for pre-emptive strikes against Middle East and Russia. Israel
and South Africa explode first nuclear bomb in South Indian Ocean but appointed
U.S. committee refuses to conclude it was a nuclear explosion.
-
- 1981: Israel, using U.S. spy satellite photos, sends
F-16s to bomb and destroy Iraqi nuclear reactor under construction at Osirak.
U.S. strictly limits further access to spy photos. Defense Minister Ariel
Sharon recruits American Navy employee Jonathan Pollard as a spy to obtain
satellite photos plus massive amounts of other classified information about
Israel's enemies, some of which Israel turns over to the Soviet Union to
try to win over its adversary. Ariel Sharon talks President Reagan into
a formal Israel-U.S. military alliance against the Soviet Union but Defense
Chief Weinberger delays and sabotages it.
-
- 1982: Under Ariel Sharon's military leadership, Israel
invades Lebanon to attack Palestinian militants as first part of plan to
drive Palestinians into Jordan, using the threat of nuclear weapons to
intimidate any adversaries. However, despite destroying Beruit and killing
more than ten thousand Arabs and 500 Israelis, Sharon's efforts in Lebanon
fail. Israel eventually withdraws and Sharon loses his position.
-
- 1985: Jonathan Pollard captured leaving office with stolen
papers.
- Eventually sentenced to life in prison.
-
- 1986: Mordechai Vanunu, a disaffected Dimona technician
who left with photographs and other evidence of nuclear weapons production,
publishes details in the London Sunday Times newspaper; reveals Israel
has over 100 nuclear weapons. Israel starts disinformation campaign then
lures him to Italy where he is kidnaped, taken to Israel and imprisoned
for 18 years. He was released in spring of 2004 and remains under house
arrest because of his continuing contact with the media.
-
- 1987: Israel test-fires a Jericho 2 missile capable of
carrying a nulcear weapon. UN General Assembly and the IAEA General Conference
passes first of more than a dozen resolutions calling on Israel to join
the Nonproliferation Treaty.
-
- 1988: Israel launches its first spy satellite into orbit.
-
- 1991: U.S. convinces Israel to refrain from attacking
Iraq with nuclear weapons, even if Iraq uses chemical or biological weapons
against it, but Israel's nuclear weapons remain on alert.
-
- 1999: US Department of Energy document ranks Israel sixth
among countries with nuclear weapons.
-
- 2000: Knesset debates Israel's nuclear weapons program
for first time. Germany sells Israel three state-of-the-art 800-class
Dolphin submarines and Israel tests first submarine-launched missile in
the area of the Indian Ocean. Ariel Sharon is elected Prime Minister of
Israel, still intending to use nuclear weapons to bully other nations and
remake the Middle East for the benefit of Israel. George Bush is elected
in the United state and his neoconservative allies fully intend that the
United States help Sharon fulfill that mission. Right wing Israelis begin
freely talking about attacking other nations, including with nuclear weapons.
-
- 2001: Bush inflames Arabs by clearly taking sides with
Israel's expansionist aims, part of the reason for the September 11 attacks
against the Pentagon and the World Trade Center. He obsesses about attacking
Iraq, not defending America against known Al Queda terrorists. Starts
planning war against Iraq after September 11 attacks, including option
of using nuclear weapons.
-
- 2002: George Bush gives Israel the go-ahead to use nuclear
weapons against Iraq if Saddam attacks Israel before the American invasion
of Iraq. Pentagon Office of Special Plans uses information from Iraqi dissidents
and Israel's Mossad to convince Americans that Iraq has weapons of mass
destruction that are an imminent threat against America. Israel launches
Ofek-5 satellite with a powerful new inter-continental missile.
-
- 2003: Israel repeatedly demands sanctions against Iran
for its nuclear program and threatens to bomb Iran's operating nuclear
power plant, despite Iran's threats to retaliate hard against Israel.
- Russia may have sold Iran additional advanced missiles
capable of shooting down Israeli bomber and fighter jets. Russian President
Putin proposes Security Council formally call for establishment of a Palestinian
state and arrests last of the Jewish "oligarchs" who bought state
industries for pennies on the dollar under Yeltsin. Arab and other nations
repeatedly ask that Israel nuclear facilities come under international
inspections. So does the head of the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) Mohammed el-Baradei. United Nations General Assembly passes resolution
that Israel join the nonproliferation treaty by a vote of 164-4. Prime
Minister Ariel Sharon tells Israeli newspaper that Israel will not dismantle
its "special measures" because the U.S. will not remain in the
Middle East forever.
-
- 2004: Israel buys two more German submarines for delivering
nuclear tipped cruise missiles, making a total of five. Mordechai Vanunu's
prison term ends 2004 but Israel keeps putting him in prison and or under
house arrest for trying to speak to others outside the country on nuclear
issues and for wanting to leave Israel permanently.
-
- The phrase the "Samson Option" is used to describe
Israel's strategy of massive nuclear retaliation against "enemy"
nations should its existence as a Jewish state be jeopardized through military
attack. Israeli leaders created the term in the mid-1960s, inspired by
the Biblical figure Samson, who destroyed a Philistine temple, killing
himself and thousands of Philistine enemies.[1][2]
-
- Israel refuses to admit officially that it has nuclear
weapons - a policy known as "nuclear ambiguity" or "nuclear
opacity."[3] This despite government officials inferring repeatedly
- and occasionally admitting - the fact. And despite Israeli nuclear whistle
blower Mordechai Vanunu making public smuggled photographs of nuclear
weapons and production equipment in the 1980s.[4] Israel now may have as
many as 400 atomic and hydrogen nuclear weapons,[5][6] as well as the
ability to launch them via long range missiles, submarines and aircraft.[7]
It can use them in a second strike even if its military is devastated.
-
- Originally a strategy of last resort retaliation - even
if it means Israel's annihilation - it has developed into being a nuclear
bullying strategy to further Israel's territorial goals through threats
and blackmail. Israel has bullied not only Arab and Muslim nations, but
the United States and Russia with its Samson Option threats.
- Mordechai Vanunu has alleged that Israel uses for purposes
of blackmail its ability to "bombard any city all over the world,
and not only those in Europe but also those in the United States."[8]
-
- Official policy and threats
-
- During the 1960s Israel concentrated on conventional
military superiority to defend lands confiscated in the 1948 and 1967 wars
- and to convince Palestinians in Israel and the occupied territories that
they could not break free of it. However, in 1973's Yom Kippur War Israel
was almost overwhelmed by Arab forces. Prime Minister Golda Meir authorized
a nuclear alert, ordering 13 atomic bombs be prepared for missiles and
aircraft. Israeli Ambassador to the U.S. Simha Dinitz threatened "very
serious conclusions" if there was not an immediate airlift of supplies.[9]
This forced U.S. President Richard Nixon to make emergency airlifts of
state of the art military supplies to Israel.[10][11]
-
- Fearing intervention by the Soviet Union, U.S. forces
went on Defense Condition (DEFCON) III alert status[12], something which
could have led to full scale nuclear war in case of misinterpretation of
signals or hardware or software failures. Additionally, as Seymour Hersh
documents in detail in his book The Samson Option, from 1973 these weapons
have been used to discourage the Soviet Union - now Russia - from intervening
militarily on behalf of Arab nations.[13] Obviously an Israeli nuclear
attack on Russia by the United States' great ally Israel would result in
Russia sending thousands of nuclear weapons towards the U.S. and the U.S.
responding in kind.
-
- Not surprisingly, no nation state has attempted to attack
Israel since 1973. A former Israeli official justified Israel's threats.
"You Americans screwed us" in not supporting Israel in its 1956
war with Egypt. "We can still remember the smell of Auschwitz and
Treblinka. Next time we'll take all of you with us."[14] General
Moshe Dayan, a leading promoter of Israel's nuclear program[15], has been
quoted as saying "Israel must be like a mad dog, too dangerous to
bother."[16] Amos Rubin, an economic adviser to former Prime Minister
Yitzhak Shamir, said "If left to its own Israel will have no choice
but to fall back on a riskier defense which will endanger itself and the
world at large... To enable Israel to abstain from dependence on nuclear
arms calls for $2 to 3 billion per year in U.S. aid."[17]
-
- In 1977, after a right-wing coalition under Menachen
Begin took power, the Israelis began to use the Samson Option not just
to deter attack but to allow Israel to "redraw the political map of
the Middle East" by expanding hundreds of thousands of Israeli settlers
into the West Bank and Gaza.[18] Then-Minister of Defense Ariel Sharon
said things like "We are much more important than (Americans) think.
We can take the middle east with us whenever we go"[19] and "Arabs
may have the oil, but we have the matches."[20] He proclaimed his
- and many Likud Party members' - goals of transforming Jordan into a Palestinian
state and "transferring" all Palestinian refugees there.[21][22]
A practice known worldwide as "ethnic cleansing."
-
- To dissuade the Soviet Union from interfering with its
plans, Prime Minister Begin immediately "gave orders to target more
Soviet cities" for potential nuclear attack. Its American spy Jonathan
Pollard was caught stealing such nuclear targeting information from the
U.S. military in 1985.[23]
-
- During the next 25 years Israel became more militarily
adventurous, bombing Iraq's under-construction Osirak nuclear reactor in
1981, invading Lebanon to destroy Palestinian refugee camps in 1982 and
to fight Hezbollah in 2006, massively bombing civilian targets in the West
Bank Jenin refugee camp in 2002 and thoughout Gaza in 2008-2009. There
are conflicting reports about whether Israel went on nuclear alert and
armed missiles with nuclear weapons during the 1991 Gulf War after Iraq
shot conventionally armed scud missiles into it.[24][25]
-
- In 2002, while the United States was building for the
2003 invasion of Iraq, then Prime Minister Ariel Sharon threatened that
if Israel was attacked "Israel will react. Is it clear?"[26]
Israeli defense analyst Zeev Schiff explained: "Israel could respond
with a nuclear retaliation that would eradicate Iraq as a country."
It is believed President Bush gave Sharon the green-light to attack Baghdad
in retaliation, including with nuclear weapons, but only if attacks came
before the American military invasion.[27]
-
- Former Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres has admitted
that nuclear weapons are used by Israel for "compellent purposes"
- i.e., forcing others to accept Israeli political demands.[28] In 1998
Peres was quoted as saying, "We have built a nuclear option, not in
order to have a Hiroshima, but to have an Oslo," referring to imposing
a settlement on the Palestinians.[29]
-
- In her book Israel's Sacred Terrorism Livia Rokach documented
how Israelis have used religion to justify paramilitary and state terrorism
to create and maintain a Jewish State.[30] Two other Israeli retaliation
strategies are the popularized phrase "Wrath of God," the alleged
Israeli assassination of those it held responsible for the 1972 killings
of Israeli athletes during the Munich Olympics[31], and the "Dahiya
doctrine" of destruction of civilian areas to punish Palestinians
for supporting their leaders.[32]
-
- Israeli Israel Shahak wrote in 1997: "Israel clearly
prepares itself to seek overtly a hegemony over the entire Middle East...without
hesitating to use for the purpose all means available, including nuclear
ones."[33] Zeev Schiff opined in 1998 that "Off-the-cuff Israeli
nuclear threats have become a problem."[34] In 2003 David Hirst noted
that "The threatening of wild, irrational violence, in response to
political pressure, has been an Israeli impulse from the very earliest
days" and called Israel a candidate for "the role of 'nuclear-crazy'
state."[35] Noam Chomsky said of the Samson Option "the craziness
of the state is not because the people are insane. Once you pick a policy
of choosing expansion over security, that's what you end up getting stuck
with."[36] Efraim Karsh calls the Samson Option the "rationality
of pretended irrationality," but warns that seeming too irrational
could encourage other nations to attack Israel in their own defense.[37]
-
- Samson Option Supporters
-
- Two Israel supporters are frequently quoted for their
explicit support of the Samson Option. Martin Van Creveld, a professor
of military history at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, has been quoted
as saying: "Most European capitals are targets for our air force....We
have the capability to take the world down with us. And I can assure you
that that will happen before Israel goes under."[38]
-
- In 2002 the Los Angeles Times, published an opinion piece
by Louisiana State University professor David Perlmutter in which he wrote:
"What would serve the Jew-hating world better in repayment for thousands
of years of massacres but a Nuclear Winter. Or invite all those tut-tutting
European statesmen and peace activists to join us in the ovens? For the
first time in history, a people facing extermination while the world either
cackles or looks away--unlike the Armenians, Tibetans, World War II European
Jews or Rwandans--have the power to destroy the world. The ultimate justice?"[39]
-
- Two influential Israel supporters advocate more active
use of the Samson Option threat. Louis René Beres, a professor of
Political Science at Purdue University and an Ariel Sharon advisor, recommends
Israel use the Samson Option threat to support conventional preemptive
attacks against enemy nuclear and non-nuclear assets, discouraging conventional
retaliation.[40] Jerome Corsi, a Harvard Ph.D. in political science and
author of two books encouraging Israel to use nuclear weapons[41], writes
that "Israel's Samson Option" could be "a preemptive strike
against Iran."[42]
-
- The Israelis also are egged on in its nuclear threats
by "Christian Zionists" like Hal Lindsay who believe Israel must
expand its control of territory to its Biblical borders in order to bring
about Armageddon and the return of Jesus Christ.[43] Some suspect that
former President George W. Bush holds such beliefs,[44] especially after
his November 2007 statement "If you want to see World War Three, you
know, a way to do that is to attack Israel with a nuclear weapon."[45]
-
- Israeli Threats Against Iran
-
- Israel's threats to use nuclear weapons, including preemptively,
have increased greatly since the revelation in 2002 that Iran was building
uranium enrichment facilities. That year Prime Minister Ariel Sharon demanded
that the international community target Iran as soon as it was finished
dealing with Iraq.[46]
-
- Unlike Israel, Iran has accepted supervision of its nuclear
program under the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Iran claims its program
is only for production of nuclear power as oil becomes more scarce and
expensive, and not for nuclear weapons. However, Israel opposes any challenge
to its nuclear hegemony since not only would it be less able to use its
nuclear threat to keep confiscated lands, but fear of Iran actually might
cause citizens to leave Israel and investment to dry up.[47][48] Israel
also must worry about other "enemy" Arab nations which already
are seeking or soon may seek nuclear energy.[49]
-
- In 2004 Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz said that Israel
would consider "all options" to prevent Iran from producing nuclear
weapons.[50] Rumors and warnings of an impending Israeli attack on Iran's
facilities, including possibly with nuclear weapons, have circulated repeatedly
since that time.[51][52]
-
- Meanwhile, Israel still considers Russia a target because
of its technical assistance to Iran's nuclear program and its continued
arms sales to Iran and other "enemy" nations.[53] [54][55] In
2007 Israeli officials warned Russia: "We hope they understand that
this is a threat that could come back to them as well."[56]
-
- In 2005 George Bush admitted that the U.S. would support
an Israeli attack on Iran.[57] Soon after his election President Barak
Obama seemed to accept the inevitability of an Iranian nuclear bomb.[58]
However, in early 2009 Likud Party hawk Benjamin Netanyahu was elected
Israeli Prime Minister. Netanyahu already had threatened that Israel would
attack Iran to stop its nuclear program if Obama did not do so.[59] Considering
Iran's threats to retaliate, this easily could lead to a "Samson Option"
scenario.[60][61] After May[62] and September meetings with Netanyahu
in 2009, Obama threatened Iran with attack if it did not "come clean
about" and curb its nuclear program.[63][64] This statement came a
day after Netanyahus' speech to the United Nations where he invoked the
memory of Auschwitz and family members slain by Nazis.[65] Obama also has
suffered constant pressure to take a more belligerent stand against Iran
from neoconservatives and the "Israel lobby."[66][67][68][69]
-
- Too few peace or political activists, left or right,
are willing to challenge Israel's Samson Option threats or even to make
a nuclear free Middle East a central demand.[70] Until military and political
leaders, as well as activists, are willing to change U.S. policy of defacto
support for Israel's Samson Option the whole world remains a potential
victim of this horrific strategy.
- * * *
- Note: If you see some resemblance to the wikipedia article
on the Samson Option, I also worked on that and contributed many of the
same facts from many of the same sources.
- Also, my comments on the "Samson Option" were
quoted in the New York Sun, September 2005.
- * * *
- References
-
- 1. Seymour Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear
Arsenal and American Foreign Policy, Random House, 1991, pp. 42, 136-137,
288-289.
-
- 2. Avner Cohen, Israel and the Bomb, Columbia University
Press, 1998, pp. 2, 7, 341 and Avner Cohen, "Israel's Nuclear Opacity:
a Political Genealogy," published in The Dynamics of Middle East Nuclear
Proliferation, pp. 187-212, edited by Steven L. Spiegel, Jennifer D. Kibbe
and Elizabeth G. Matthews. Symposium Series, Volume 66, The Edwin Mellen
Press, 2001.
-
- 3 Avner Cohen, Israel and the Bomb, p. 1-3.
-
- 4. Peter Hounam, Woman From Mossad: The Torment of Mordechai
Vanunu, Vision Paperbacks,1999, pp. 155-168.
-
- 5. Harold Hough, "Could Israel's Nuclear Assets
Survive a First Strike?" Jane's Intelligence Review, September, 1997,
pp. 407-410.
-
- 6. "U.S. Air Force: Israel has 400 nukes, building
naval force," World Tribune, July 4, 2002
-
- 7. Douglas Frantz, "Israel Adds Fuel to Nuclear
Dispute, Officials confirm that the nation can now launch atomic weapons
from land, sea and air," Los Angeles Times, Sunday, October 12, 2003.
-
- 8. "Vanunu Confirms Israel's Global Thermonuclear
Blackmail," An Interview With Hesham Tillawi, PhD, December 19, 2009.
-
- 9. Seymour Hersh, pp. 225-227; Avner Cohen, p. 236 and
Mark Gaffney, Dimona, The Third Temple:The Story Behind the Vanunu Revelation,
1989, Amana Books, p. 147.
-
- 10. Warner D. Farr, "The Third Temple's Holy of
Holies: Israel's Nuclear Weapons." Counterproliferation Paper No.
2, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air War College, September 1999.
-
- 11. Avner Cohen, "The Last Nuclear Moment,"
The New York Times, 6 October 2003.
-
- 12. Federation of American Scientists web page on DEFCON
DEFense CONdition.
-
- 13. Seymour Hersh, pp. 17, 40, 66, 174-75, 177, 216,
220, 223-231.
-
- 14. Seymour Hersh, p. 42
-
- 15. Seymour Hersh, p. 174-180
-
- 16. David Hirst, "The War Game, a controversial
view of the current crisis in the Middle East," The Observer Guardian,
September 21, 2003.
-
- 17. Mark Gaffney, p. 153.
-
- 18. Seymour Hersh, 259-261.
-
- 19. Seymour Hersh, 289.
-
- 20. Mark Gaffney, p. 165.
-
- 21. Encyclopedia of Orient on Likud Party and Elfi Pallis,
"The Likud Party: A Primer," Journal of Palestine Studies, Winter
1992.
-
- 22. Seymour Hersh, pp. 288-289.
-
- 23. Seymour Hersh, p. 260.
-
- 24. Avigdor Haselkorn, The continuing storm: Iraq, poisonous
weapons and deterrence, Yale University Press, 1999 131-135.
-
- 25. David Eberhart, "Samson Option: Israel's Plan
to Prevent Mass Destruction Attacks," NewsMax.Com, October 16, 2001.
-
- 26.Stephen Farrell, Robert Thomson and Danielle Haas,
"Attack Iran the day Iraq war ends, demands Israel," London
Times, November 5, 2002.
-
- 27. Ross Dunn, "Sharon eyes 'Samson option' against
Iraq," Scotsmann, November 3, 2002.
-
- 28. Mark Gaffney, p. 131
-
- 29. Warner D. Farr online article, op cit.
-
- 30. Livia Rokach, Israel's Sacred Terrorism, Third Edition,
Association of Arab American University Graduates,1986.
-
- 31. "Operation Wrath of God" article in Wikipedia.
-
- 32. "The Dahiya strategy," including interview
with IDF Northern Command Chief Gadi Eisenkot,Yedioth Ahronoth (Ynet News),
June 10, 2008.
-
- 33. Israel Shahak, Open Secrets: Israeli Nuclear and
Foreign Policies, Pluto Press, 1997, p. 2.
-
- 34. "United States Information Agency's Foreign
Media Reaction Report, Middle East section, February 4, 1998," reprinted
at GlobalSecurity.org..
-
- 35. David Hirst article, op cit.
-
- 36. Transcript of Noam Chomsky talk: "Assessing
the Role of US Foreign Policy, Israeli Security, & Human Rights in
the Occupied Palestinian Territories," April 7, 2009 Madison, WI.
Youtube Video of talk.
-
- 37. Efraim Karsh, Between war and peace: dilemmas of
Israeli security, Routledge, 1996 pp.130-131.
-
- 38. David Hirst article, op cit
-
- 39. David Perlmutter, Opinion Page piece "Israel:
Dark Thoughts and Quiet Desperation," Los Angeles Times, April 7,
2002.
-
- 40. Louis Rene Beres, "Israel and Samson. Biblical
Insights on Israeli Strategy in the Nuclear Age," March 22, 3004;
Beres, et al. Project Daniel final report; "The world, of course,
continues to begrudge the Jewish state: Israel and Palestine, the Samson
Option" Canada Free Press, March 31, 2009.
-
- 41. Jerome Corsi, Atomic Iran, Chapter: "The Samson
Option, Israel's Preemptive Strike," WND Books, 2005, and
- Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel
and Iran, Simon and Schuster, p. 101, 2009.
-
- 42. Jerome Corsi, Atomic Iran, op cit.
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