- SAN FRANCISCO (AP) -- The radiation belts surrounding Earth can become extremely
powerful in a matter of seconds, posing much greater risks to communication
satellites and spacewalking astronauts than previously believed, scientists
said Monday.
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- "We had thought the radiation belts
were a slow, lumbering feature of Earth, but in fact they can change on
a knife's edge," said space physicist Daniel Baker of the University
of Colorado.
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- The new observation, discussed at the
American Geophysical Union meeting here, caught scientists by surprise.
Originally detected 40 years ago, the doughnut-shaped structures known
as the Van Allen Belts extending more than 20,000 miles around the planet
were thought to be very stable, waxing and waning over a period of months.
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- New observations by an array of satellites
show changes in the planet's own magnetic field can accelerate electrons
in the belts to nearly the speed of light, transforming them into what
some researchers describe as "killer electrons."
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- The mechanism by which the acceleration
occurs is unclear, but its effects are more obvious.
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- Under such intense conditions, the charged
particles can pierce a sheet of aluminum a half-inch thick. That could
result in a catastrophic accumulation of charged particles in the sensitive
electronics of hundreds of orbiting satellite, and perhaps endanger astronauts.
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- Shielding people and hardware in space
is expensive and heavy, and the discovery may compel space engineers to
design orbiting systems differently.
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- "Many of the satellites up there
now, and future spacecraft like the space station, have the potential to
be severely impaired by light-speed electrons," Baker said.
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- Consumers already have experienced a
taste of what can happen when the Van Allen Belts, in the words of one
researcher, "get whipping along."
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- In early May, sensors on at least 10
science satellites started picking up indications that electrons were accelerating
into an intense flux. On May 19, a heavily used telecommunications satellite,
Galaxy 4, failed suddenly and 45 million customers lost pager service.
Scientists think the electron flow contributed to the outage.
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- Such fluxes also may have contributed
to the failure of a Canadian telecommunications satellite, Anik E1, in
1996.
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- The risk to NASA's manned space program
is less certain. Satellites orbit 22,000 miles above the planet in the
midst of the most energetic fields of the Van Allen Belts.
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- The space shuttle and the space station
orbit within about 250 miles of Earth. Scientists said that during intense
periods the charged particles pulse down into the atmosphere.
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- Researchers said they cannot yet precisely
forecast when the belts of highly charged electrons will peak in intensity,
but they are advising NASA when conditions appear to be changing so the
agency can decide whether to delay space missions.
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- NASA plans more than two dozen spacewalks
a year during the assembly of the international space station. The first
spacewalk was scheduled for Monday evening.
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- The health risk to astronauts -- as well
as the space shuttle's electronics -- is unclear.
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- "If one of these events occurs during
the space station assembly, do you have the astronauts hurry up and risk
ripping a glove?" said space physicist Terry Onsager of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Or do you let the mission
go as planned?"
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- Scientists expect the Van Allen belts
to become highly dynamic beginning in late 2000 during the Solar Max. That's
the peak of a cyclical period of violent storms on the sun that fill the
solar system with charged particles.
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- "We can expect to see dramatic events
during Solar Max," Onsager said.
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