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Deadly Aspartame And Your Right To Know About It


From Dr. Betty Martini, D.Hum
8-15-17

 
This has to be one of the best articles ever written on aspartame, even down to the front groups and how much  is paid to have scientists question outstanding research that proves the deadliness of aspartame.   As Dr. Bill Deagle said in an interview on Friday, its over, aspartame is no longer  opinion.  It is well known it has  poisoned the world and damaged DNA. https://youtu.be/-MFb2QrcOCE    It's a done deal.  It's a psycho drug and you look at how so many behave.  The FDA and G. D. Searle made a deal to seal the teratology studies that showed neural tube defects, spina bifida and cleft palate and now autism is epidemic.  You can read about it on www.whilesciencesleeps.com in the last chapter of Dr. Woodrow Monte's book, "While Science Sleeps: A Sweetener Kills". Not even the decency of a pregnancy warning with methanol that converts to formaldehyde and embalms living tissue and damages DNA (Trocho Study).     Look around at the crime and Dr. H. J. Roberts discusses this in the medical text: "Aspartame Disease: An Ignored Epidemic".  Dr. Russell Blaylock, neurosurgeon discusses aspartame in "Excitotoxins: The Taste That Kills".  Notice the titles by renowned physicians on their books, the words killer and epidemic, and there are more. 

Cowards have protected the aspartame industry for advertising funds for years, and conflicts of interest are everywhere,    The FDA wrote in 2009 they were broken and told me personally "they had to depopulate". http://www.rense.com/general96/FDAaspar.html One well known magazine this year published the aspartame issue as a hoax, using my name.  If this isn't corrected  soon they too will become part of Aspartame Awareness Month. The Internet is full of research and studies and every evidence to convince the worst critic that aspartame is a deadly chemical poison.  It's been known for over 30 years. The magazine all but had to put aspartame in google, millions of articles, almost 100% of independent research, videos, movies and books.  There is no excuse.

Dr. Woodrow Monte really summed it up in his book: Something very wrong is going on, something that is killing good people and causing untold suffering to families and communities around the world.  Never has such a high percentage of the population been afflicted with so many tragic and wasting illnesses.  In the past thirty years, a group of diseases has reached epidemic proportions in the United States and many other countries. These diseases include multiple sclerosis, Alzheimers disease, breast cancer, lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, melanoma, and autism, a once rare birth defect. [M]ankind endures a plague whose point of origin distinctly coincides with the Food and Drug Administrations 1981 approval of aspartame an artificial sweetener containing methanol, which is metabolized into deadly formaldehyde within the brain and sinew of all who consume it.

I've been taking these histories for 27 years of the sick and dying on aspartame.  James Turner Attorney and Dr. John Olney tried their best to prevent approval but it was marketed because of the political chicanery of Don Rumsfeld with the help of President Reagan who wrote an executive order preventing the FDA Commissioner who he fired from signing the revoked petition on aspartame into law,   Now the FDA with full knowledge has approved Advantame which may not be labeled, like Neotame.   The FDA has not answered my inquiry.   Today there is a new study  on aspartame from Yale: http://www.newsmax.com/Health/Health-News/diet-drinks-metabolism-metabolic/2017/08/11/id/807151/?ns_mail_uid=1814846&ns_mail_job=1747195_08132017&s=al&dkt_nbr=010124pkv2y0 It was published in "Current Biology".  The studies never stop and all independent ones show the facts on aspartame. 

Let's send this article around the world and continue doing it in September. Let's end September by getting this poison off the planet.   Make copies for your office, club and work place.  Hand it out to everyone on your street or place of residence.  I notified everyone in our neighborhood years ago.  Don't leave a stone unturned.  Send it out to all your lists and post it on your web sites and remember aspartame interacts with drugs and vaccines and there is a chapter in Dr. Roberts medical text.  You will also find information in "Aspartame: King of Toxins" on this subject written by Reigh Parker Burch, a victim aspartame almost killed. 

You will find more information on aspartame on www.mpwhi.com, www.wnho.net, www.holisticmed.com/aspartame, www.aspartamekills.com and www.dorway.com that was hacked is now on my web site, mpwhi.com   Also check out Rense.com under aspartame and the National Health Federation for more articles and studies.  https://www.thenhf.com/all-articles-nhf-news-category/14-nhf-news/3910-13rotgut-aspartame-methanol-mania-by-dr-betty-martini

Dr. Betty Martini, D.Hum, Founder
Mission Possible World Health Intl
9270 River Club Parkway
Duluth, Georgia 30097
770 242-2599
Read on for all the evidence:

PURSUING TRUTH AND TRANSPARENCY IN AMERICA'S FOOD SYSTEM  - US Right To Know

Sweeteners

Aspartame: Decades of Science Point to Serious Health Risks

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Posted on August 14, 2017 by Stacy Malkan

Long History of Concerns
Key Scientific Studies on Aspartame
Industry PR Efforts
Scientific References

Key Facts About Diet Soda Chemical


What is Aspartame?

  • Aspartame is the worlds most widely used artificial sweetener. It is also marketed as NutraSweet, Equal, Sugar Twin and AminoSweet.

  • Aspartame is present in more than 6,000 products, including Diet Coke and Diet Pepsi, Kool Aid, Crystal Light, Tango and other artificially sweetened drinks; sugar-free Jell-O products; Trident, Dentyne and most other brands of sugar-free gum; sugar-free hard candies; low- or no-sugar sweet condiments such as ketchups and dressings; childrens medicines, vitamins and cough drops.

  • Aspartame is a synthetic chemical composed of the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid, with a methyl ester. When consumed, the methyl ester breaks down into methanol, which may be converted into formaldehyde.

 

Decades of Studies Raise Concerns about Aspartame

Since aspartame was first approved in 1974, both FDA scientists and independent scientists have raised concerns about possible health effects and shortcomings in the science submitted to the FDA by the manufacturer, G.D. Searle. (Monsanto bought Searle in 1984).

In 1987, UPI published a series of investigative articles by Gregory Gordon reporting on these concerns, including early studies linking aspartame to health problems, the poor quality of industry-funded research that led to its approval, and the revolving-door relationships between FDA officials and the food industry. Gordons series is an invaluable resource for anyone seeking to understand the history of aspartame/NutraSweet:

Health Effects and Key Studies on Aspartame

While many studies, some of them industry sponsored, have reported no problems with aspartame, dozens of independent studies conducted over decades have linked aspartame to a long list of health problems, including:

Cancer

In the most comprehensive cancer research to date on aspartame, three lifespan studies conducted by the Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center of the Ramazzini Institute, provide consistent evidence of carcinogenicity in rodents exposed to the substance.

  • Aspartame is a multipotential carcinogenic agent, even at a daily dose of much less than the current acceptable daily intake, according to a 2006 lifespan rat study in Environmental Health Perspectives.1

  • A follow-up study in 2007 found significant dose-related increases in malignant tumors in some of the rats. The results confirm and reinforce the first experimental demonstration of [aspartames] multipotential carcinogenicity at a dose level close to the acceptable daily intake for humans when life-span exposure begins during fetal life, its carcinogenic effects are increased, the researchers wrote in Environmental Health Perspectives.2

  • The results of a 2010 lifespan study confirm that [aspartame] is a carcinogenic agent in multiple sites in rodents, and that this effect is induced in two species, rats (males and females) and mice (males), the researchers reported in American Journal of Industrial Medicine.3


Harvard researchers in 2012 reported a positive association between aspartame intake and increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma in men, and for leukemia in men and women. The findings preserve the possibility of a detrimental effect on select cancers but do not permit the ruling out of chance as an explanation, the researchers wrote in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.4

In a 2014 commentary in American Journal of Industrial Medicine, the Maltoni Center researchers wrote that the studies submitted by G. D. Searle for market approval do not provide adequate scientific support for [aspartames] safety. In contrast, recent results of life-span carcinogenicity bioassays on rats and mice published in peer-reviewed journals, and a prospective epidemiological study, provide consistent evidence of [aspartames] carcinogenic potential. On the basis of the evidence of the potential carcinogenic effects a re-evaluation of the current position of international regulatory agencies must be considered an urgent matter of public health.5

Brain Tumors

In 1996, researchers reported in the Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology on epidemiological evidence connecting the introduction of aspartame to an increase in an aggressive type of malignant brain tumors. Compared to other environmental factors putatively linked to brain tumors, the artificial sweetener aspartame is a promising candidate to explain the recent increase in incidence and degree of malignancy of brain tumors We conclude that there is need for reassessing the carcinogenic potential of aspartame.6

  • Neuroscientist Dr. John Olney, lead author of the study, told 60 minutes in 1996: there has been a striking increase in the incidence of malignant brain tumors (in the three to five years following the approval of aspartame) there is enough basis to suspect aspartame that it needs to be reassessed. FDA needs to reassess it, and this time around, FDA should do it right.


Early studies on aspartame in the 1970s found evidence of brain tumors in laboratory animals, but those studies were not followed up.

Cardiovascular Disease

A 2017 meta-analysis of research on artificial sweeteners, published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, found no clear evidence of weight loss benefits for artificial sweeteners in randomized clinical trials, and reported that cohort studies associate artificial sweeteners with increases in weight and waist circumference, and higher incidence of obesity, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events.7

  • See also: Artificial sweeteners dont help with weight loss and may lead to gained pounds, by Catherine Caruso, STAT (7.17.2017)


 A 2016 paper in Physiology & Behavior reported, there is a striking congruence between results from animal research and a number of large-scale, long-term observational studies in humans, in finding significantly increased weight gain, adiposity, incidence of obesity, cardiometabolic risk, and even total mortality among individuals with chronic, daily exposure to low-calorie sweeteners and these results are troubling.8

Women who consumed more than two diet drinks per day had a higher risk of [cardiovascular disease] events [cardiovascular disease] mortality and overall mortality, according to a 2014 study from the Womens Health Initiative published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine.9

Stroke, Dementia and Alzheimers Disease

People drinking diet soda daily were almost three times as likely to develop stroke and dementia as those who consumed it weekly or less. This included a higher risk of ischemic stroke, where blood vessels in the brain become obstructed, and Alzheimers disease dementia, the most common form of dementia, reported a 2017 study in Stroke.10


In the body, the methyl ester in aspartame metabolizes into methanol and then it may be converted to formaldehyde, which has been linked to Alzheimers disease. A two-part study published in 2014 in the Journal of Alzheimers Disease linked chronic methanol exposure to memory loss and Alzheimers Disease symptoms in mice and monkeys.

  • [M]ethanol-fed mice presented with partial AD-like symptoms These findings add to a growing body of evidence that links formaldehyde to [Alzheimers disease] pathology. (Part 1)11

  • [M]ethanol feeding caused long-lasting and persistent pathological changes that were related to [Alzheimers disease] these findings support a growing body of evidence that links methanol and its metabolite formaldehyde to [Alzheimers disease] pathology. (Part 2)12


Seizures

Aspartame appears to exacerbate the amount of EEG spike wave in children with absence seizures. Further studies are needed to establish if this effect occurs at lower doses and in other seizure types, according to a 1992 study in Neurology. 13

Aspartame has seizure-promoting activity in animal models that are widely used to identify compounds affecting seizure incidence, according to a 1987 study in Environmental Health Perspectives.14

Very high aspartame doses might also affect the likelihood of seizures in symptomless but susceptible people, according to a 1985 study in The Lancet. The study describes three previously healthy adults who had grand mal seizures during periods when they were consuming high doses of aspartame.15

Neurotoxicity, Brain Damage and Mood Disorders

Aspartame has been linked to behavioral and cognitive problems including learning problems, headache, seizure, migraines, irritable moods, anxiety, depression, and insomnia, wrote the researchers of a 2017 study in Nutritional Neuroscience. Aspartame consumption needs to be approached with caution due to the possible effects on neurobehavioral health.16

Oral aspartame significantly altered behavior, anti-oxidant status and morphology of the hippocampus in mice; also, it may probably trigger hippocampal adult neurogenesis, reported a 2016 study in Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.17

Previously, it has been reported that consumption of aspartame could cause neurological and behavioural disturbances in sensitive individuals. Headaches, insomnia and seizures are also some of the neurological effects that have been encountered, according to a 2008 study in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. [W]e propose that excessive aspartame ingestion might be involved in the pathogenesis of certain mental disorders and also in compromised learning and emotional functioning.18

(N)eurological symptoms, including learning and memory processes, may be related to the high or toxic concentrations of the sweetener [aspartame] metabolites, states a 2006 study in Pharmacological Research.19

Aspartate could impair memory retention and damage hypothalamic neurons in adult mice, according to a 2000 mice study published in Toxicology Letters.20

(I)ndividuals with mood disorders are particularly sensitive to this artificial sweetener and its use in this population should be discouraged, according to a 1993 study in the Journal of Biological Psychiatry.21

High doses of aspartame can generate major neurochemical changes in rats, reported a 1984 study in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.22

Experiments indicated brain damage in infant mice following oral intake of aspartate, and showing that aspartate [is] toxic to the infant mouse at relatively low levels of oral intake, reported a 1970 study in Nature.23

Headaches and Migraines

Aspartame, a popular dietetic sweetener, may provoke headache in some susceptible individuals. Herein, we describe three cases of young women with migraine who reported their headaches could be provoked by chewing sugarless gum containing aspartame, according to a 1997 paper in Headache Journal.24

A crossover trial comparing aspartame and a placebo published in 1994 in Neurology, provides evidence that, among individuals with self-reported headaches after ingestion of aspartame, a subset of this group report more headaches when tested under controlled conditions. It appears that some people are particularly susceptible to headaches caused by aspartame and may want to limit their consumption.25

A survey of 171 patients at the Montefiore Medical Center Headache Unit found that patients with migraine reported aspartame as a precipitant three times more often than those having other types of headache We conclude aspartame may be an important dietary trigger of headache in some people, 1989 study in Headache Journal.26

A crossover trial comparing aspartame and a placebo on the frequency and intensity of migraines indicated that the ingestion of aspartame by migraineurs caused a significant increase in headache frequency for some subjects, reported a 1988 study in Headache Journal.27

Kidney Function Decline

Consumption of more than two servings a day of artificially sweetened soda is associated with a 2-fold increased odds for kidney function decline in women, according to a 2011 study in the Clinical Journal of American Society of Nephrology.28

Weight Gain, Increased Appetite and Obesity Related Problems

Several studies link aspartame to weight gain, increased appetite, diabetes, metabolic derangement and obesity-related diseases. See our fact sheet: Diet Soda Chemical Tied to Weight Gain.

This science linking aspartame to weight gain and obesity-related diseases raises questions about the legality of marketing aspartame-containing products as diet or weight loss aids. In 2015, USRTK petitioned the Federal Trade Commission and FDA to investigate the marketing and advertising practices of diet products that contain a chemical linked to weight gain. See related news coverage, response from FTC, and response from FDA.

Diabetes and Metabolic Derangement

Aspartame breaks down in part into phenylalanine, which interferes with the action of an enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) previously shown to prevent metabolic syndrome (a group of symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease) according to a 2017 study in Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. In this study, mice receiving aspartame in their drinking water gained more weight and developed other symptoms of metabolic syndrome than animals fed similar diets lacking aspartame. The study concludes, IAPs protective effects in regard to the metabolic syndrome may be inhibited by phenylalanine, a metabolite of aspartame, perhaps explaining the lack of expected weight loss and metabolic improvements associated with diet drinks.29


People who regularly consume artificial sweeteners are at increased risk of excessive weight gain, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, according to a 2013 Purdue review over 40 years published in Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.30

In a study that followed 66,118 women over 14 years, both sugar-sweetened beverages and artificially sweetened beverages were associated with risk of Type 2 diabetes. Strong positive trends in T2D risk were also observed across quartiles of consumption for both types of beverage No association was observed for 100% fruit juice consumption, reported the 2013 study published in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.31

Intestinal Dysbiosis, Metabolic Derangement and Obesity

Artificial sweeteners can induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota, according to a 2014 study in Nature. The researchers wrote, our results link NAS [non-caloric artificial sweetener] consumption, dysbiosis and metabolic abnormalities, thereby calling for a reassessment of massive NAS usage Our findings suggest that NAS may have directly contributed to enhancing the exact epidemic [obesity] that they themselves were intended to fight.32


A 2016 study in Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism reported, Aspartame intake significantly influenced the association between body mass index (BMI) and glucose tolerance consumption of aspartame is associated with greater obesity-related impairments in glucose tolerance.33

According to a 2014 rat study in PLoS ONE, aspartame elevated fasting glucose levels and an insulin tolerance test showed aspartame to impair insulin-stimulated glucose disposal Fecal analysis of gut bacterial composition showed aspartame to increase total bacteria34

 Pregnancy Abnormalities: Low Birth Weight

According to a 2010 cohort study of 59,334 Danish pregnant women published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, There was an association between intake of artificially sweetened carbonated and noncarbonated soft drinks and an increased risk of preterm delivery. The study concluded, Daily intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks may increase the risk of preterm delivery.35


Overweight Babies

Artificially sweetened beverage consumption during pregnancy is linked to higher body mass index for babies, according to a 2016 study in JAMA Pediatrics. To our knowledge, we provide the first human evidence that maternal consumption of artificial sweeteners during pregnancy may influence infant BMI, the researchers wrote.36


Early Menarche

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study followed 1988 girls for 10 years to examine prospective associations between consumption of caffeinated and noncaffeinated sugar- and artificially sweetened soft drinks and early menarche. Consumption of caffeinated and artificially sweetened soft drinks was positively associated with risk of early menarche in a US cohort of African American and Caucasian girls, concluded the study published in 2015 in Journal of American Clinical Nutrition.37

Sperm Damage

A significant decrease in sperm function of aspartame treated animals was observed when compared with the control and MTX control, according to a 2017 study in the International Journal of Impotence Research. These findings demonstrate that aspartame metabolites could be a contributing factor for development of oxidative stress in the epididymal sperm.38

Liver Damage and Glutathione Depletion

A mouse study published in 2017 in Redox Biology reported, Chronic administration of aspartame caused liver injury as well as marked decreased hepatic levels of reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, -glutamylcysteine, and most metabolites of the trans-sulphuration pathway39

A rat study published in 2017 in Nutrition Research found that, Subchronic intake of soft drink or aspartame substantially induced hyperglycemia and hypertriacylglycerolemia Several cytoarchitecture alterations were detected in the liver, including degeneration, infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis, predominantly with aspartame. These data suggest that long-term intake of soft drink or aspartame-induced hepatic damage may be mediated by the induction of hyperglycemia, lipid accumulation, and oxidative stress with the involvement of adipocytokines.40

Caution for Vulnerable Populations

A 2016 literature review on artificial sweeteners in the Indian Journal of Pharmacologyreported, there is inconclusive evidence to support most of their uses and some recent studies even hint that these earlier established benefits might not be true. Susceptible populations such as pregnant and lactating women, children, diabetics, migraine, and epilepsy patients should use these products with utmost caution.41

Industry PR Efforts and Front Groups

From the start, G.D. Searle (later Monsanto and the NutraSweet Company) deployed aggressive PR tactics to market aspartame as a safe product. In October 1987, Gregory Gordon reported in UPI:

The NutraSweet Co. also has paid up to $3 million a year for a 100-person public relations effort by the Chicago offices of Burson Marsteller, a former employee of the New York PR firm said. The employee said Burson Marsteller has hired numerous scientists and physicians, often at $1,000 a day, to defend the sweetener in media interviews and other public forums. Burson Marsteller declines to discuss such matters.

Recent reporting based on internal industry documents reveals how beverage companies such as Coca-Cola also pay third party messengers, including doctors and scientists, to promote their products and shift the blame when science ties their products to serious health problems.

See reporting by Anahad OConnor in the New York Times, Candice Choi in the Associated Press, and findings from the USRTK investigation about sugar industry propaganda and lobbying campaigns.

News articles about soda industry PR campaigns:


Overview news stories about aspartame:


USRTK Fact Sheets


Reports on Front Groups and PR Campaigns

Scientific References

[1] Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Degli Esposti D, Lambertini L, Tibaldi E, Rigano A. First experimental demonstration of the multipotential carcinogenic effects of aspartame administered in the feed to Sprague-Dawley rats. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Mar;114(3):379-85. PMID: 16507461. ( article)

[2] Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Tibaldi E, Esposti DD, Lauriola M. Life-span exposure to low doses of aspartame beginning during prenatal life increases cancer effects in rats. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Sep;115(9):1293-7. PMID: 17805418. ( article)

[3] Soffritti M et al. Aspartame administered in feed, beginning prenatally through life span, induces cancers of the liver and lung in male Swiss mice. Am J Ind Med. 2010 Dec; 53(12):1197-206. PMID: 20886530. (abstract / article )

[4] Schernhammer ES, Bertrand KA, Birmann BM, Sampson L, Willett WC, Feskanich D., Consumption of artificial sweetener and sugar-containing soda and risk of lymphoma and leukemia in men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Dec;96(6):1419-28. PMID: 23097267. ( abstract / article )

[5] Soffritti M1, Padovani M, Tibaldi E, Falcioni L, Manservisi F, Belpoggi F., The carcinogenic effects of aspartame: The urgent need for regulatory re-evaluation. Am J Ind Med. 2014 Apr;57(4):383-97. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22296. Epub 2014 Jan 16. (abstract / article)

[6] Olney JW, Farber NB, Spitznagel E, Robins LN. Increasing brain tumor rates: is there a link to aspartame? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1996 Nov;55(11):1115-23. PMID: 8939194. (abstract)

[7] Azad, Meghan B., et al. Nonnutritive sweeteners and cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. CMAJ July 17, 2017 vol. 189 no. 28 doi: 10.1503/cmaj.161390 (abstract / article )

[8] Fowler SP. Low-calorie sweetener use and energy balance: Results from experimental studies in animals, and large-scale prospective studies in humans. Physiol Behav. 2016 Oct 1;164(Pt B):517-23. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.047. Epub 2016 Apr 26. (abstract)

[9] Vyas A et al. Diet Drink Consumption And The Risk of Cardiovascular Events: A Report from The Womens Health Initiative. J Gen Intern Med. 2015 Apr;30(4):462-8. doi: 10.1007/s11606-014-3098-0. Epub 2014 Dec 17. (abstract / article)

[10] Matthew P. Pase, PhD; Jayandra J. Himali, PhD; Alexa S. Beiser, PhD; Hugo J. Aparicio, MD; Claudia L. Satizabal, PhD; Ramachandran S. Vasan, MD; Sudha Seshadri, MD; Paul F. Jacques, DSc. Sugar and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and the Risks of Incident Stroke and Dementia. A Prospective Cohort Study. Stroke. 2017 April; STROKEAHA.116.016027 ( abstract / article)

[11] Yang M et al. Alzheimers Disease and Methanol Toxicity (Part 1): Chronic Methanol Feeding Led to Memory Impairments and Tau Hyperphosphorylation in Mice. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014 Apr 30. (abstract)

[12] Yang M et al. Alzheimers Disease and Methanol Toxicity (Part 2): Lessons from Four Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Chronically Fed Methanol. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014 Apr 30. (abstract)

[13] Camfield PR, Camfield CS, Dooley JM, Gordon K, Jollymore S, Weaver DF. Aspartame exacerbates EEG spike-wave discharge in children with generalized absence epilepsy: a double-blind controlled study. Neurology. 1992 May;42(5):1000-3. PMID: 1579221. (abstract)

[14] Maher TJ, Wurtman RJ. Possible neurologic effects of aspartame, a widely used food additive. Environ Health Perspect. 1987 Nov; 75:53-7. PMID: 3319565. ( abstract / article)

[15] Wurtman RJ. Aspartame: possible effect on seizure susceptibility. Lancet. 1985 Nov 9;2(8463):1060. PMID: 2865529. ( abstract)

[16] Choudhary AK, Lee YY. Neurophysiological symptoms and aspartame: What is the connection? Nutr Neurosci. 2017 Feb 15:1-11. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2017.1288340. (abstract)

[17] Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ, Nwoha PU. Aspartame and the hippocampus: Revealing a bi-directional, dose/time-dependent behavioural and morphological shift in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2017 Mar;139:76-88. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.12.021. Epub 2016 Dec 31. (abstract)

[18] Humphries P, Pretorius E, Naud. Direct and indirect cellular effects of aspartame on the brain. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Apr;62(4):451-62. (abstract / article)

[19] Tsakiris S, Giannoulia-Karantana A, Simintzi I, Schulpis KH. The effect of aspartame metabolites on human erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase activity. Pharmacol Res. 2006 Jan;53(1):1-5. PMID: 16129618. ( abstract)

[20] Park CH et al. Glutamate and aspartate impair memory retention and damage hypothalamic neurons in adult mice. Toxicol Lett. 2000 May 19;115(2):117-25. PMID: 10802387. ( abstract)

[21] Walton RG, Hudak R, Green-Waite R. Adverse reactions to aspartame: double-blind challenge in patients from a vulnerable population. J. Biol Psychiatry. 1993 Jul 1-15;34(1-2):13-7. PMID: 8373935. ( abstract / article)

[22] Yokogoshi H, Roberts CH, Caballero B, Wurtman RJ. Effects of aspartame and glucose administration on brain and plasma levels of large neutral amino acids and brain 5-hydroxyindoles. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Jul;40(1):1-7. PMID: 6204522. (abstract )

[23] Olney JW, Ho OL. Brain Damage in Infant Mice Following Oral Intake of Glutamate, Aspartate or Cysteine. Nature. 1970 Aug 8;227(5258):609-11. PMID: 5464249. ( abstract)

[24] Blumenthal HJ, Vance DA. Chewing gum headaches. Headache. 1997 Nov-Dec; 37(10):665-6. PMID: 9439090. ( abstract / article)

[25] Van den Eeden SK, Koepsell TD, Longstreth WT Jr, van Belle G, Daling JR, McKnight B. Aspartame ingestion and headaches: a randomized crossover trial. Neurology. 1994 Oct;44(10):1787-93. PMID: 7936222. (abstract)

[26] Lipton RB, Newman LC, Cohen JS, Solomon S. Aspartame as a dietary trigger of headache. Headache. 1989 Feb;29(2):90-2. PMID: 2708042. ( abstract)

[27] Koehler SM, Glaros A. The effect of aspartame on migraine headache. Headache. 1988 Feb;28(1):10-4. PMID: 3277925. ( abstract)

[28] Julie Lin and Gary C. Curhan. Associations of Sugar and Artificially Sweetened Soda with Albuminuria and Kidney Function Decline in Women. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Jan; 6(1): 160166. (abstract / article)

[29] Gul SS, Hamilton AR, Munoz AR, Phupitakphol T, Liu W, Hyoju SK, Economopoulos KP, Morrison S, Hu D, Zhang W, Gharedaghi MH, Huo H, Hamarneh SR, Hodin RA. Inhibition of the gut enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase may explain how aspartame promotes glucose intolerance and obesity in mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017 Jan;42(1):77-83. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0346. Epub 2016 Nov 18. (abstract / article)

[30] Susan E. Swithers, Artificial sweeteners produce the counterintuitive effect of inducing metabolic derangements. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Sep; 24(9): 431441. ( article)

[31] Guy Fagherazzi, A Vilier, D Saes Sartorelli, M Lajous, B Balkau, F Clavel-Chapelon. Consumption of artificially and sugar-sweetened beverages and incident type 2 diabetes in the Etude Epidologique auprdes femmes de la Mutuelle Grale de lEducation NationaleEuropean Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013, Jan 30; doi: 10.3945/ ajcn.112.050997 ajcn.050997. ( abstract / article)

[32] Suez J et al. Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. Nature. 2014 Oct 9;514(7521). PMID: 25231862. (abstract / article)

[33] Kuk JL, Brown RE. Aspartame intake is associated with greater glucose intolerance in individuals with obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Jul;41(7):795-8. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0675. Epub 2016 May 24. (abstract)

[34] PalmnMSA, Cowan TE, Bomhof MR, Su J, Reimer RA, Vogel HJ, et al. (2014) Low-Dose Aspartame Consumption Differentially Affects Gut Microbiota-Host Metabolic Interactions in the Diet-Induced Obese Rat. PLoS ONE 9(10): e109841. ( article)

[35] Halldorsson TI, Strm M, Petersen SB, Olsen SF. Intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of preterm delivery: a prospective cohort study in 59,334 Danish pregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Sep;92(3):626-33. PMID: 20592133. ( abstract / article)

[36] Meghan B. Azad, PhD; Atul K. Sharma, MSc, MD; Russell J. de Souza, RD, ScD; et al. Association Between Artificially Sweetened Beverage Consumption During Pregnancy and Infant Body Mass Index. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(7):662-670. ( abstract)

[37] Mueller NT, Jacobs DR Jr, MacLehose RF, Demerath EW, Kelly SP, Dreyfus JG, Pereira MA. Consumption of caffeinated and artificially sweetened soft drinks is associated with risk of early menarche. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Sep;102(3):648-54. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.100958. Epub 2015 Jul 15. ( abstract)

[38] Ashok I, Poornima PS, Wankhar D, Ravindran R, Sheeladevi R. Oxidative stress evoked damages on rat sperm and attenuated antioxidant status on consumption of aspartame. Int J Impot Res. 2017 Apr 27. doi: 10.1038/ijir.2017.17. (abstract / article)

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 Sweeteners    AminoSweet, aspartame, brain tumors, cancer, cardiovascular, Equal, Gregory Gordon, headaches, Monsanto, NutraSweet, seizures, stroke, Sugar Twin
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