- Presented at the
- National Registry of Environmental Professionals
- 2007 Annual Conference, September 6, 2007, San Antonio,
Texas
- http://www.nrep.org
-
- Abstract
-
- There is an environmental disease on the horizon that
will affect more humans and the environment than any one person will know.
Its environmental impact will be far greater than DDT, PCBs and asbestos
have ever been. It is called Morgellon's: A Nano-911 Foreign Invader. It
has many names fiber disease, mystery disease, delusional parasitosis
and unknown dermatological skin disorder, to name a few. It is silent,
smart, glistening powered by its own transitional metal battery.
And when it strikes its victim it feels like a piece of burning broken
glass as it pierces the skin. Smaller than any of the 150 pieces of a virus
(known as virons), it is invisible to the naked eye. So silent is it, only
the one who has been invaded knows its true nature. Marked with the seal
of man-made, self-assembling nano-size materials they can be used in forming
drugs, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, biomaterials, artificial nerves, artificial
brains, pseudo skin and molecular electronics. Yes, it was patterned after
nature's many wonders, but it is still one hundred percent man-made. The
nano-brew has been let loose from its scientific flask casting its woes
upon an unsuspecting innocence.
-
- Introduction to Chemical Foreign Invaders
-
- Plants, humans and other animals are constantly exposed
in their environment to a vast array of chemicals that are foreign to their
bodies. These foreign chemicals, or xenobiotics, can be of natural origin
or they can be man-made. In general, the more lipophilic (fat loving) compounds
are readily absorbed through the skin, across the lungs, or through the
gastrointestinal tract. Constant or even intermittent exposure to these
lipophilic chemicals could result in their accumulation within the organism,
unless effective means of elimination are present. Indeed, chemicals can
be excreted unchanged into urine, bile, feces, expired air, and perspiration.
Except for exhalation, the ease with which compounds are eliminated from
the body largely depends on their water solubility. This is particularly
true for non-volatile chemicals that are eliminated in urine and feces,
the predominant routes of elimination. Lipophilic compounds that are present
in these excretory fluids tend to diffuse into cellular membranes and are
reabsorbed, whereas water soluble compounds are excreted. Therefore, it
is apparent why lipophilic xenobiotics could accumulate within the body;
They are readily absorbed but poorly excreted.1
-
- Fortunately, animal organisms have developed a number
of biochemical processes that convert lipophilic compounds to more hydrophilic
metabolites. These biochemical processes are termed biotransformation and
are usually enzymatic in nature. It should be stressed that biotransformation
is the sum of the processes by which a foreign invader such as a chemical
is subjected to chemical change by living organisms (Figure 1 1).
This definition implies that a particular chemical may undergo a number
of chemical changes. It may mean that the parent molecule is chemically
modified at a number of positions or that a particular metabolite of the
parent compound may undergo additional modification. The end result of
the biotransformation reaction(s) is that the metabolites are chemically
distinct from the parent compound. Metabolites are usually more hydrophilic
than the parent compound. This enhanced water solubility reduces the ability
of the metabolite to partition into biologic membranes and thus restricts
the distribution of the metabolites to the various tissues, decreases the
renal metabolite(s), and ultimately promotes the excretion of the chemical
by the urinary and biliary fecal routes.
-
- Morgellons is a disease that affects humans and animals
with a minimum of 93 or more symptoms. Humans experience different colored
fibers growing out of their skin with the presence of lesions that ooze
a gel like material or may have the feeling of hot burning glass ripping
through the underside of their skin as a needle. Toxicological Pathology
evaluations of specimens taken from a patient who was diagnosed with this
disease and was having a knee replacement operation revealed that the specimen
contained silica and silicone.2 Further analysis of these specimens using
Micro Raman technology revealed that the fibers that grew out of this same
patient were composed of a two part polyester, like a plastic straw within
a straw with a head that was made up of silicone (Figure 1 -2 & 1-3).
Polyester is a definite man-made material. It is "nylon" by another
name. Nylon is a compound that is a lipophatic compound, just as silicone.
In addition, high density polyethylene fibers were found in a different
patient's heel of their foot. (Figure 1-4). The difference in these compounds
and ones that are man-made in a chemical factory are that they have a size,
which is measured at a "NANO" level.
-
- Nano is nine decimals below the zero or 0.000,000,001.3
It is smaller than the width of a human hair. How can something so small
be so harmful to humans?
-
- Well this is were size counts Big Time. The nano material,
which has many forms such as smart dust, nano gels, quantum dots, nano
tube, nano wire, nano bots, nano horns are all part of the growing field
of nanotechnology. If something is so small that it does not stimulate
the immune system to react to its foreign invasion of the cell new cellular
toxicological reactions will occur. Collectively these materials were found
in specimens taken from the same patient who had the knee replacement operation.
The individual had blue fibers that would not burn at 1,400 degrees F and
harden gels that made lesions. The callus-like scab had cat-like claws
on its underside. These specimens went through Toxicological Pathology
and it is true, a picture says a thousand words (Figure 1-5).
-
- No matter what the biological agent, chemical or foreign
invader, the body is geared up to protect itself and remove the toxic material.
The body is not ready for a nano foreign invader because one can not see
it at any level. Normally the body would go through biotransformation and
remove this toxic material from the body through biotransformation, but
not in the case of Moregellons, which seems to have a mind of its own as
it riddles the body with its fibers and continuous self- replication.
-
- Normal Compounds vs Moregellons through Biotransformation
-
- A number of enzymes in animal organisms are capable of
biotransforming lipid-soluble xenobiotics in such a way as to render them
more water soluble. These enzymatic reactions are of two types; phase I
reactions, which involve oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis, and phase
II reactions, which consist of conjugation or synthetic reactions. Although
phase I reactions generally convert foreign compounds to derivatives that
are more water soluble than the parent molecule, a prime function of these
reactions is to add or expose functional groups (e.g.,
-
- - OH, - SH, _NH2, - COOH). These functional groups then
permit the compound to undergo phase II reactions. Phase II reactions are
biosynthetic reactions where the foreign compounds or a phase I derived
metabolite is covalently linked to an endogenous molecule, producing a
conjugate. In these cases, the endogenous moieties (e.g. glucuronic acid,
sulfate) usually confer upon the lipophilic xenobiotic or its metabolite
increased water solubility and the ability to undergo significant ionization
at physiologic pH. These conjugated moieties are normally added to endogenous
products to promote their secretion or transfer across hepatic, renal,
and intestinal membranes. The transport mechanisms that have developed
recognize the conjugating moiety. Thus, the excretion of conjugated xenobiotics
is enhanced by their ability to participate in transport systems that have
evolved from the conjugated products of endogenous molecules.4
-
- The relationship between phase I and phase II reactions
is summarized in Figure 4-1. The fate of a particular chemical is determined
by its physical/chemical products. Volatile organic compounds may be eliminated
via the lungs with no biotransformation. Those with functional groups may
be conjugated directly, whereas others undergo phase I reactions before
conjugation. As implied, biotransformation is often integrated and can
be complex. Because of this complexity, imbalances between phase I and
phase II reactions or dose-related shifts in metabolic routes are often
causes of chemical-induced tissue injury.5
-
- Organ and Cellular Location of Biotransformation
-
- The enzymes or enzyme systems that catalyze the biotransformation
of foreign compounds are localized mainly in the liver. This is not surprising,
since a primary function of the liver is to receive and process chemicals
absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before they are distributed to
other tissues. Liver receives all the blood that has perfused the splanchnic
area, which contains nutrients and other foreign substances. Because of
this, the liver has developed the capacity to extract these substances
readily from the blood and to modify chemically many of these substances
before they are stored, secreted into bile, or released into the general
circulation. Other tissues can also biotransform foreign compounds. Nearly
every tissue tested has shown activity toward some foreign chemicals (Figure
1-6). Extrahepatic tissues are limited with respect to the diversity of
chemicals they can handle, and thus their contribution to the overall biotransformation
of xenobiotics is limited. However, biotransformation of a chemical within
an extrahepatic tissue may have an important toxicological implication
for that particular tissue.6
-
- Subcellular Localization of Biotransformation Enzymes
-
- Biotransformation of foreign compounds within the liver
is accomplished by several remarkable enzyme systems. These can chemically
modify a wide variety of structurally diverse drugs and toxicants that
enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, the skin, or injection. The
phase I enzymes, those that add or expose functional groups, are located
primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum, a network of interconnected channels
present in the cytoplasm of most cells. These enzymes are membrane bound,
since the endoplasmic reticulum is basically a contiguous membrane composed
of lipids and proteins. The presence of enzymes within a lipoprotein matrix
is critical, since lipophilic substances will preferentially partition
into a lipid membrane, the site of biotransformation. 7
-
- When liver is removed (in the laboratory) and homogenized,
the tubular endoplasmic reticulum breaks up and fragments of the membrane
are sealed off to form micro vesicles. These are referred to as microsomes,
which can be isolated by differential centrifugation of the liver homogenate.
If the supernatant fraction that results from centrifugation of the homogenate
at 9000 x g (to remove nuclei, mitochondria, and lysosomes as well as unbroken
cells and large membrane fragments) is subjected to centrifugation at 105,00
x g, a pellet highly enriched in microsomes is obtained. The resulting
supernatant fraction, which contains a number of soluble enzymes, is referred
to as the cytosol. This cytosol contains many of the enzymes of phase II
biotransformation. Many of the important biotransformation enzymes are
referred to as cytosolic or microsomal to indicate the subcellular location
of the enzymes.
-
- The microsomal enzymes that catalyze the phase I reactions
were characterized primarily by their ability to metabolize drugs. Thus,
much of the literature refers to these enzymes as the microsomal, as the
microsomal enzymes will convert drugs to more polar products, but they
also act on the numerous chemicals. Therefore, the word biotransformation
is preferred to drug metabolism, since it conveys the more universal nature
of the reactions. In addition, if delineates the normal process of metabolism
of endogenous nutrients form the biotransformation of foreign chemicals.7
-
- Detoxication Toxication
-
- Inasmuch as both phase I and phase II enzymes convert
foreign chemicals to forms that can be more readily excreted, they are
often referred to as detoxication enzymes. However, it should be emphasized
that biotransformation is not strictly related to detoxicaiton. In a number
of cases, the metabolic products are more toxic than than the parent compounds.
This is particularly true for some chemical carcinogens, organo-phosphates,
and a number of compounds that cause cell necrosis in the lung, liver,
and kidney. In many instances, a toxic metabolite can be isolated and identified.
In other cases, highly reactive intermediates are formed during the biotransformation
of a chemical. The term toxication or bioactivation is often used to indicate
the enzymatic formation of reactive intermediates. These reactive intermediates
are thought to initiate the events that ultimately result in cell death,
chemically induced cancer, teratogenesis and a number of other toxicities
(Figure 1-7).
-
- Moregellon affected individuals have the opposite reactions
of phase I and II, because they experience specific physical parameters
such as low body temperature, high blood pressure, urine conductivity high
(20 -21), gels, fibers and fluorescents on the body as nano tattoo fluorescent
shapes. All tell a tale of being injected with a burning glass needle through
their skin as they suffer from severe itching.
-
- Nanotechnology
-
- Nanotechnology presents new opportunities to create better
materials and products. Already, nano material containing products are
available in U.S. markets including coatings, computers, clothing, cosmetics,
sports equipment and medical devices. A survey of EmTech Research of companies
working in the field of nanotechnology has identified approximately 80
consumer products, and over 600 raw materials, intermediate components
and industrial equipment items that are used by manufacturers. Our economy
will be increasingly affected by nanotechnology as more products containing
nano materials move from research and development into production and commerce.8
-
- Nanotechnology also has the potential to improve the
environment, both through direct applications of nano materials to detect,
prevent, and remove pollutants, as well as indirectly by using nanotechnology
to design cleaner industrial processes and create environmentally friendly
products. However, there are unanswered questions about the impacts of
nano materials and nanoproducts on human health and the environment, and
the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or "the Agency")
has the obligation to ensure that potential risks are adequately understood
to protect human health and the environment. As products made from nanomaterials
become more numerous and therefore more prevalent in the environment, EPA
is thus considering how to best leverage advances in nanotechnology to
enhance environmental protection, as well as how the introduction of nano
materials into the environment will impact the Agency's environmental programs,
policies, research needs, and approaches to decision making. Currently,
the only regulation that addresses to evaluate the environmental risk of
nano materials/technology is the City of Berkley, California.9
-
- Some examples of this technology that applied to a private
research study addressed the composition of the fibers used current terminology
to address the researcher's findings.10
-
- Carbon nanotube injectors a nano carbon nanotube,
conjugated with streptavidin-coated quantum dots. Developed by Xing Chen,
Andrax Kis, Alex Zetti, and Carolyn Bertozzi fromt eh University of California
at Berklely. Unique feature is its ability to deliver genes.
-
- Nano motor - Carlo Montemagno of Cornell University made
a molecular motor less than one-fifth the size of a red blood cell. The
key components are protein from E. coli attached to a nickel spindle and
propeller a few nanometers across, which is powered by ATP, the energy-intermediate
that the body itself uses to power all living activities. But this molecular
motor works with the efficiency of only 1 to 4 percent, comparing poorly
with those in living organisms that could work at close to 100 percent
efficiency.11
-
- Nanobombs - Researchers in Michigan have designed smart
"nanobombs" that are said to evade the immune system, to hone
in on diseased cells to kill them or deliver drugs to them.11
-
- Nanoelectrosensor - Electronic devices that can tell
cells to make specific hormones when the body needs them, and electricity
generators that self-assembling inside the cell. 11
-
- Nano-pharmaceuticals Another idea is to interact
directly with cells, so they can be harnessed as pharmaceutical factories
to produce drugs on demand. Milan Mrksich, chemist at the University of
Chicago, plans to hook up cells to electronic circuits by tethering them
to a carpet of molecular arms. Carbon chains between 10 to 20 atoms long
attached to a gold-plated glass plate with sulphur atoms. The strands are
packed so tightly that they have to stand upright on the surface. That
creates a thicket of free sticky molecular ends to capture and manipulate
cells.11
-
- Quantum dots, nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (in microelectronics)
and other throw-away nanodevices may constitute whole new classes of non-biodegradable
nano-junk and nanosmog, environmental pollutants that could make cancer-causing
asbestos seem tame.11
-
- The prospect of adverse immune reactions has already
been pointed out. Scientists have yet to develop artificial materials that
don't cause at least some problems when inserted into the body, starting
with silicone breast implants.11 Nanoscale devices are worse. As David
Williams an advisor to the European Union on problems of public perceptions
of medical technologies says, "The human body is best designed to
repel or attack things the size of a cell." Worse yet, the devices
could clog up our immune system for good.
-
- And if so small as to not stimulate the immune system
at all, "What will be the effects upon the cellular membranes, organelles
or the nuclear material (DNA) or its membrane. If the nano material is
made up of DNA plasmids of fungi, bacteria or viruses will this new material
mix and bind to our own internal cell constituents?
-
- Nano and the Enviornment
-
- In the NIOSH white paper on Nano Technology, it specifically
states that the nano material is so small that it will not do any harm
to living cells. Current studies on the use of nano tubes on rat lungs
have shown that the rats become ill or died after the procedure.12
-
- In Project FMM two individuals who had Morgellons submitted
samples for analysis using scanning electron microscope technology along
with a sample of a chemtrail cottoncandy-like material that fell from the
sky in Texas. The test revealed that the materials in all 3 samples were
various stages of development or degradation of the material within the
host (Anna and Lily), while the chemtrail sample matched the ladies'. The
samples were over 1,500 miles from each other.13
-
- Our environment has seen the results of chemicals upon
its land, waters and air. DDT and how it almost whipped out the American
Bald Eagle almost 40 years ago was a perfect example of how a chemical
could do harm in the food chain of other animals. Nano materials that are
dumped into the streams and air are a time bomb of environmental problems.
It is important for both scientists and the general public to keep a close
track on the developments of nanotechnology and to distinguish the real
facts of this technology. And determine if it can really improve our lives
without compromising our dignity, integrity and the human race.
- REFERENCE(s)
-
- 1. Amdur, Mary O., J. Doull, and C.D. Klaassen. Casarett
and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 4th Edition. Chapter
4: Biotransformation of Toxicants by I. Glenn Sipes and A. Jay Gandolfi.
Pergamon Press. New York. © 1991. Pgs. 88 126.
-
- 2. Staninger, Hildegarde. Far-Infrared Radiant Heat (FIR
RH) Type Remediation for Mold and Other Unique Diseases. National Registry
of Environmental Professionals. Annual Conference in Nashville, Tennessee.
NREP, Des Plaines, IL © October 18, 2006,
- http://www.dldewey.com/stan.htm
- 3. Staninger, Hildegarde. 'Size Matters'
- http://www.rense.com/morgphase/sizematters.htm ©
March 2007
-
- 4. Dutton, G.J. Glucuronidation of Drugs and Other Compounds.
CRC Press, Inc.. Boca Raton, FL. © 1980
-
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© 1985
-
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Society of Chemistry. London. © 1988
-
- 7. Weber, W.W. The Acetylator Genes and Drug Response.
Oxford University Press. New York. © 1987
-
- 8. U.S. EPA Environmental Protection Agency. External
Review Draft Nanotechnology White Paper. Science Policy Council. U.S. EPA,
Washington, D.C. December 2, 2006, http://www.epa.gov/osa/nanotech.htm
-
- 9. City of Berkley, California County Commissioner's
Meeting. Testimony of
- Dr. Edward Spencer and other public citizens on the risk
of
- nanotechnology to the environment. (City developed an
- ordinance/regulation to evaluate the risk to the environment
from
- nanotechnology.) Berkley, California © 2006, http://www.seektress.com/berkeley.htm
-
- 10. Staninger, Hildegarde. Project: Fiber, Meteroite
& Morgellons. Phase I and II. http://www.rense.com/morgphase/phase2_1.htm,
© March 2007.
-
- 11. Ho, Mae-Wan. Nanotecnology, a Hard Pill to Swallow.
- http://www.i-sis.org.uk/nanotechnology.php © July
16, 2007
-
- 12. Lam, et. al. Pulmonary Toxicity of Single-Walled
Carbon Nanotubes in Mice 7 and 90 Days after Intratracheal Instillation.
Toxicol. Sci. 77:126-134 © 2004
-
- 13. Staninger, Hildegarde. Project: Fiber, Meteroite
& Morgellons. Phase I and II. http://www.rense.com/morgphase/phase2_1.htm
© March 2007
-
- 14. Environmental Defense Fund & Dupont. Brochure:
NANO Risk Framework. (www.dupont.com & www.environmentaldefensefung.com
)
-
- Photos
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