- The recent reports of H5N1 in bar headed
geese in Gangcha and Yushu counties in Qinghai province mark the one year
cycle of the spread of the Qinghai strain of H5N1. Below is a list of
OIE reports filed in countries for the first time (with the exception of
China) in the past 12 months. One year ago reported cases of H5N1 were
limited to China and countries in Asia to the east and southeast of China.
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- The introduction of H5N1 into new countries
is chronologically listed below, based on the date of the first outbreak
in that country. The Qinghai H5N1 infections are somewhat larger than
listed below because outbreaks in areas near prior H5N1 reports have been
excluded because the new outbreaks may be due to another H5N1 strain.
The countries below have reported Qinghai sequences or are adjacent to
countries that have reported Qinghai sequences. Countries reporting Qinghai
sequences are in bold.
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- The initial outbreak started in mid-April,
but was first reported on May 9, 2005 and involved 189 bar headed geese
at Qinghai Lake. 519 dead birds were described in the May 21 OIE report
and the following months there were outbreaks on farms in Xinjiang. It
is likely that many subsequent outbreaks in Xinjiang were the Qinghai strain,
but only the Liaoning outbreak has been confirmed as the Qinghai strain.
Human cases in China in late 2005 and early 2006 have been due to the
Fujian strain, which was also found in Laos and Malaysia in 2006, so much
of eastern Asia has several H5N1 strains co-circulating.
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- However, the countries listed below are
all almost certainly infected with the Qinghai strain. None of these countries
had previously reported an Asian strain of H5N1 and the reports followed
the timing and path of migratory birds known t be infected with the Qinghai
strain of H5N1.
-
- The data below is from OIE reports, but
is clearly an underestimate of the true spread and the number of species
infected. Russia filed an OIE report that included two dozen species that
were shot by hunters and were H5N1 positive (wild duck, laughing gull,
rook, northern stover, crow, pigeon, sandpiper, oyster catcher, little
grebe. black-winged stilt, phalatrope, little tern, pied wagtail, green
sandpiper, white headed plover, starling, coot, mallard sparrow hawk, buzzard,
turtle dove, garganey, teal). In addition, the Minister of Agriculture
site indicated there had been H5N1 outbreaks in southern Russia in Astrakhan,
Rostov, Kalmykia, Adygeya, North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Chechnya,
and Stavropol. Moreover, H5N1 was still present in Dagestan, Krasnodar
and Volgograd,
-
- Thus, the list below shows where H5N1
has been reported in OIE filings, but the data is more informative about
overall surveillance and lack thereof. The positive reports including
a wide range of species that are in countries in the major flyways linked
to the massive outbreak in southern Siberia in the summer of 2005. Because
of the number of infected species and number of positive reports, it is
likely that adjacent countries are also H5N1 positive and in countries
where wild birds are not included, it is likely that those wild birds are
also infected.
-
- Countries with the poorest surveillance
are those that are adjacent to H5N1 positive countries, but are still deny
H5N1 infections. Also near the bottom of the surveillance list are countries
which failed to detect H5N1 in wild birds, even after domestic poultry
was H5N1 infected. Next are countries who could only detect H5N1 in mute
swans. H5N1 is easily detected in mute swans, but the transmission of
H5N1 is generally by other species which are migratory. Next are countries
which detected H5N1 in wild birds, but failed to detect H5N1 in healthy
wild birds, The only country to detect H5N1 in healthy wild birds has
been Russia.
-
- As H5N1 transmission begin a second season
of transmissions, it will be of interest to see how sequences have changed
and how easily the infections are detected on the second season of spread.
-
- 2005
-
- April 15 China (Qinghai, Xinjiang, Liaoning)
bar-headed geese, great black headed gulls, brown headed gulls, ruddy shelducks,
great cormorants, geese, ducks
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- July 15 Russia (Novosibirsk, Altai Territory,
Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Tiumen, Tula, Kalmykia, Astrakhan, Tambov, Krasnodarsky)
geese, ducks, turkeys, chickens, wild swans, guinea fowl, Muscovy ducks,
quail, wild ducks, crows
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- July 22 Kazakhstan (Pavlodar, Mangghystau)
wild swans, geese
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- August 2 Mongolia (Alag-Ederne, Saikhan)
bar-headed goose, whooper swan
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- October 1 Turkey (Balikesir, Igdir, Agri,
Ankara, Bitlis, Bursa, Ezurum, S. Urfa, Yozgat, Aydin, Erzincan, Istanbul,
Van, Ardahan, Batman, Diyarbakir, Elazog, Isparta, Izmir, Karabuk, Karaman,
Kars, Konya, Malataya, Mugla, Mus, Samsun, Siirt, Sivas, Gaziantep, Akasaray,
Burdur, Sinop, Edirne, Ordu, Rize, Tokat) turkeys, chickens, geese, ducks,
pigeon, swan, sparrow, cormorant, wild duck, hawk, gull
-
- October 7 Romania (Tulcea, Brailia, Buzau,
Calarasi, Constanta, Dambovita, Dolj, Ialomita, Ilfov) laying hens, ducks,
pheasant, pigeon, guinea fowl, turkeys, mute swans
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- October 19 Croatia (Zagreb, Splitsko-Dalmatinska,
Osijecko-Baranjska) black headed gulls, swans
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- November 25 Ukraine (Ukraine, Odessa)
chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese, pigeon, crow, magpie, jay, thrush, cormorant,
pochard, owl, falcon, scops owl, pheasant, kestrel, peacock, Niles goose,
brent goose, pelican
-
- 2006
-
- January 10 Nigeria (Kaduna, Kano, Plateau,
Bauchi, Federal Capital Territory, Katsina, Nasarawa, Yobe, Anambra, Benuw,
River, Jigawa, Lagos, Ogun) poultry layers, broilers, cockerels, ducks,
Guinea-fowl, free range birds, wild vulture, ostriches, emus, Chinese geese,
black crowned cranes
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- January 18 Iraq (Sulaimaniyah, Missan)
chickens, geese, turkeys, ducks, pigeons
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- January 27 India (Maharashtra, Gujarat)
chickens
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- January 30 Greece (Central Macedonia)
swans
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- January 31 Bulgaria (Vidin) mute swan
-
- February 1 Italy (Calabria, Puglia, Sicilia,
Umbria) mute swans, sultan, buzzard, wild duck
-
- February 4 Hungary (Bacs-Kiskun) mute
swans
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- February 6 Germany (Mechlenburg-Vorpornmern,
Mecklemburg-Western Pomerania, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Baden Wurttemberg,
Berlin, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Sachsen) mute swan, whooper swans,
goshawk, falcons, wild ducks, gulls, terns, coot, turkeys
-
- February 11 Slovenia (Podravska, Maribor)
mute swan, grey heron, northern pintail
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- February 13 France (Ain) pochards, whooper
swans, wild duck, heron, tufted duck, mute swans, buzzard, barnacle goose,
great crested grebe
-
- February 13 Austria (Graz-Urngebung)
swans
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- February 16 Albania (Vlore) chicken,
turkeys
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- February 16 Bosnia Herzegovina (Srednjobanski)
swans
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- February 17 Egypt (Cairo, Giza, Menia,
Quena, Qualiubia, Behera, Dakahlia, Kabula, Bemi Suef, Kahr el Shiekh,
Qina, Fayourn, Dommiata, Sharkia, Louxor, Monifa, Sohag, Alexandrai, Ismailia)
chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks, breeders, broilers, layers, pigeons, peacocks,
migratory birds
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- February 21 Cameroon (Northernmost) domestic
ducks
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- February 22 Azerbaijan (Khyzy, Biljasuvar,
Agdam) poultry, duck
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- February 22 Iran (Rasht) swans
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- February 23 Georgia (Adjara) swans
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- February 23 Niger (Zinder) poultry (all
breeds)
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- February 23 Pakistan (North West Frontier)
layer, breeder
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- February 24 Sweden (Bleking, Sodermanland,
Gotland, Kalmar) mallard, tufted ducks, greater scaup
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- February 26 Switzerland (Geneva, Thurgau,
Schaffhausen, Zurich) goosander, tufted duck, common coot, common pochard,
little grebe, ducks
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- March 1 Burkina Faso (Kadiogo) helmeted
guineafowl
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- March 2 Afghanistan (Jalalabad, Kabul,
Laghman, Vardak, Kunar) chicken, turkeys, crow
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- March 2 Poland (Torunski, Gorzowski,
Swinoujscie, Torunski, Bydgoski, Grudziadski) wild swans, goosander, hawk
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- March 9 Seria and Montenegro (Zlatiborski)
rooster, mute swan
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- March 12 Denmark (Storstroem, Bornholm,
Frederiksberg, Funen, South Jutland, Western Zealand, North Eastern Zealand)
common buzzards, mute swans, rough legged buzzard, tufted ducks, peregrine
falcon, greylag goose, great crested grebe, whooper swans,
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- March 16 Israel (HaDarom, Jesuralem,
Jehuda & Samaria, Jerusalem) turkeys, broilers, heavy breeders
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- March 20 Czech Republic (Southern Bohemia)
mute swan
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- March 21 Palestine Autonomous Territories
(Gaza Middle, North, South) layers, breeders, broilers, ducks
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- March 23 Jordan (Ajloun) turkeys
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- March 25 Sudan (Khartoum, Gezira) poultry
(closed and backyard)
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- March 30 Cote D,Ivoire (Lagunes) chickens,
ducks, sparrow hawk
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- March 30 United Kingdom (Scotland) whooper
swan
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- April 23 China (Qinghai) bar headed geese,
brown headed gull, ruddy shelduck
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- http://www.recombinomics.com/News/05070601/H5N1_Qinghai_One_Year.html
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- Patricia A. Doyle DVM, PhD
- Bus Admin, Tropical Agricultural Economics
- Univ of West Indies
-
- Please visit my "Emerging Diseases"
message board at:
- http://www.emergingdisease.org/phpbb/index.php
- Also my new website:
- http://drpdoyle.tripod.com/
- Zhan le Devlesa tai sastimasa
- Go with God and in Good Health
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