- This posting may be unpleasant reading for devout Moslems.
If you are not interested in reading the following facts about Islam,
just delete this message. If you agree with my position, please forward
it to any interested parties. Feel free to quote from this message.
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- Dr. M. Kedar Dept. of Arabic Bar-Ilan University 52900
Ramat-Gan, Israel Phone+Fax: 972 9 7449162 email: mkedar@mail.biu.ac.il
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- How Did Jerusalem come to be so holy to Moslems? (Why
and when was the myth of al-Aqsa created?)
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- When the Prophet Mohammad established Islam, he introduced
a minimum of innovations. He employed the hallowed personages, historic
legends and sacred sites of Judaism and Christianity, and even paganism,
by Islamizing them. Thus, according to Islam, Abraham was the first Moslem
and Jesus and St. John (the sons of Miriam, sister of Moses and Aron)
were prophets and guardians of the second heaven. Many Biblical legends
("asatir al-awwalin"), which were familiar to the pagan Arabs
before the dawn of Islam, underwent an Islamic conversion, and the Koran
as well as the Hadith (the Islamic oral tradition), are replete with them.
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- Islamization was practiced on places as well as persons:
Mecca and the holy stone - al-Ka'bah - were holy sites of the pre-Islamic
pagan Arabs. The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and the Great Mosque of Istanbul
were erected on the sites of Christian-Byzantine churches - two of the
better known examples of how Islam treats sanctuaries of other faiths.
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- Jerusalem, too, underwent the process of Islamization:
at first Muhammad attempted to convince the Jews near Medina to join his
young community, and, by way of persuasion, established the direction
of prayer (kiblah) to be to the north, towards Jerusalem, in keeping with
Jewish practice; but after he failed in this attempt he turned against
the Jews, killed many of them, and directed the kiblah southward, towards
Mecca.
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- Muhammad's abandonment of Jerusalem explains the fact
that this city is not mentioned even once in the Koran. After Palestine
was occupied by the Moslems, its capital was Ramlah, 30 miles to the west
of Jerusalem, signifying that Jerusalem meant nothing to them.
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- Islam rediscovered Jerusalem 50 years after Mohammad's
death. In 682 CE, 'Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr rebelled against the Islamic
rulers in Damascus, conquered Mecca and prevented pilgrims from reaching
Mecca for the Hajj. 'Abd al-Malik, the Umayyad Calif, needed an alternative
site for the pilgrimage and settled on Jerusalem which was then under
his control. In order to justify this choice, a verse from the Koran was
chosen (17,1 = sura 17, verse 1) which states (trans. by Majid Fakhri):
"Glory to Him who caused His servant to travel by night from the
Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque, whose precincts We have blessed,
in order to show him some of Our Signs, He is indeed the All-Hearing,
the All-Seeing."
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- The meaning ascribed to this verse (see the commentary
in al-Jallalayn) is that "the furthest mosque" (al-masgid al-aqsa)
is in Jerusalem and that Mohammad was conveyed there one night (although
at that time the journey took three days by camel), on the back of al-Buraq,
a magical horse with the head of a woman, wings of an eagle, the tail
of a peacock, and hoofs reaching to the horizon. He tethered the horse
to the Western Wall of the Temple Mount and from there ascended to the
seventh heaven together with the angel Gabriel. On his way he met the
prophets of other religions who are the guardians of heaven: Adam, Jesus,
St. John, Joseph, Idris (=Seth?), Aaron, Moses and Abraham who accompanied
him on his way to Allah and who accepted him as their master. Thus Islam
tries to gain legitimacy over other, older religions, by creating a scene
in which the former prophets agree to Mohammad's mastery, thus making
him Khatam al-Anbiya' ("the Seal of the Prophets").
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- Not surprisingly, this miraculous account contradicts
a number of the tenets of Islam: How can a living man of flesh and blood
ascend to heaven? How can a mythical creature carry a mortal to a real
destination? Questions such as these have caused orthodox Moslem thinkers
to conclude that the nocturnal journey was a dream of Mohammad's. The
journey and the ascent serves Islam to "go one better" than
the Bible: Moses "only" went up to Mt. Sinai, in the middle
of nowhere, and drew close to heaven, whereas Mohammad went all the way
up to Allah, and from Jerusalem itself.
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- What are the difficulties with the belief that the al-Aqsa
mosque described in Islamic tradition is located in Jerusalem? For one,
the people of Mecca, who knew Muhammad well, did not believe this story.
Only Abu Bakr, (later the first Calif), believed him and thus was called
al-Siddiq ("the believer"). The second difficulty is that Islamic
tradition tells us that al-Aqsa mosque is near Mecca on the Arabian peninsula.
This was unequivocally stated in "Kitab al-Maghazi" (Oxford
UP, 1966, vol. 3, pp. 958-9), a book by the Moslem historian and geographer
al-Waqidi. According to al-Waqidi, there were two "masjeds"
(places of prayer) in al-Gi'ranah, a village between Mecca and Ta'if, one
was "the closer mosque" (al-masjid al-adana) and the other was
"the further mosque" (al-masjid al-aqsa), and Muhammad would
pray there when he went out of town. This description by al-Waqidi which
is supported by a chain of authorities (isnad), was not "convenient"
for the Islamic propaganda of the 7th century. In order to establish a
basis for the awareness of the "holiness" of Jerusalem in Islam,
the Califs of the Ummayad dynasty invented many "traditions"
upholding the value of Jerusalem (known as "fadha'il bayt al-Maqdis"),
which would justify pilgrimage to Jerusalem for the faithful Moslems.
Thus was al-Masjid al-Aqsa "transported" to Jerusalem. It should
be noted that Saladin also adopted the myth of al-Aqsa and those "traditions"
in order to recruit and inflame the Moslem warriors against the Crusaders
in the 12th century.
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- Another aim of the Islamization of Jerusalem was to
undermine the legitimacy of the older religions, Judaism and Christianity,
which consider Jerusalem to be a holy city. Islam is presented as the
only legitimate religion, destined to replace the other two, because they
had changed and distorted the Word of God, each in its turn. (ghyyarou
wa-baddalou. On the alleged forgeries of the Holy Scriptures, made by
Jews and Christians, see the third chapter of: M. J. Kister, "haddithu
'an bani isra'il wa-la haraja", IOS 2 (1972), pp. 215-239. Kister
quotes dozens of Islamic sources).
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- Though Judaism and Christianity can exist side by side
in Jerusalem, Islam regards both of them as betrayals of Allah and his
teachings, and has always done, and will continue to do, all in its power
to expel both of them from this city. It is interesting to note that this
expulsion is retroactive: The Islamic broadcasters of the Palestinian
radio stations consistently make it a point to claim that the Jews never
had a temple on the Temple Mount and certainly not two temples. (Where,
then, according to them, did Jesus preach?)
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- Arafat, himself a secular person (ask the Hamas!), is
doing today exactly what the Califs of the Umayyad dynasty did 1300 years
ago: he is marshaling the holiness of Jerusalem to serve his political
ends. He must not give control of Jerusalem over to the Jews since according
to Islam they are impure and the wrath of Allah is upon them (al-maghdhoub
'alayhim; Koran 1,7, see al-Jalalayn and other commentaries; note that
verse numbers may differ slightly in the various editions of the Koran).
The Jews are the sons of monkeys and pigs (5,60). (For the idea that Jews
are related to pigs and monkeys see, for example, Musnad al-Imam Ahmad
ibn Hanbal, (Beirut 1969) vol. 3, p. 241. See also pages 348, 395, 397,
421, and vol. 6, p. 135.) The Jews are those who distorted the holy writings
which were revealed to them (2,73; 3,72) and denied God's signs (3,63).
Since they violated the covenant with their God (4,154), He cursed them
(5,16) and they are forever the inheritors of hell (3,112). So how can
Arafat abandon Jerusalem to the Jews?
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- The Palestinian media these days are full of messages
of Jihad, calling to broaden the national-political war between Israel
and the Palestinians into a religious-Islamic war between the Jews and
the Moslems. READ THEIR LIPS: for them Christianity is no better than
Judaism, since both "forfeited" their right to rule over Jerusalem.
Only Islam - Din al-Haqq ("the Religion of Truth") has this
right, and forever. (shaykh 'Ikrima Sabri, the mufti of Jerusalem, in
Friday's khutbah 4 weeks ago, "Sawt falastin", the PA official
radio).
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- Since the holiness of Jerusalem to Islam has always
been, and still is no more than a politically motivated holiness, Arafat
would be putting his political head on the block should he give it up.
Must Judaism and Christianity defer to myths related in Islamic texts
or envisioned in Mohammad's dreams, long after Jerusalem was established
as the ancient, true center of these two religions which preceded Islam?
Should UN forces be sent to the Middle East just because Arafat decided
to recycle the political problems of the Umayyads 1250 years after the
curtain came down on their role in history?
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- Dr. M. Kedar Dept. of Arabic Bar-Ilan University 52900
Ranmt-Gan, Israel Phone+Fax: 972 9 7449162 email: mkedar@mail.biu.ac.il
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- (for more details about the subject look, for example,
at www.britannica.com/seo/m/miraj and the links provided in it. Searching
for keywords such as miraj, isra, alburaq, alquds etc. could also be useful)
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