- CHAMPAIGN, Ill. -- New research
suggests that lycopene -- a carotenoid in tomatoes that has been linked
to a lowered risk of prostate cancer -- does not act alone. Scientists
at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Ohio State University
say that lycopene's punch is stronger in combination with other phytochemicals
in the fruit.
-
- Lycopene is an antioxidant and the pigment that provides
the red color of tomatoes. Because of recent epidemiological studies suggestive
of lycopene's role against prostate cancer, the compound has made its way
into dietary supplements. These new findings, based on a comprehensive
prostate-cancer survival study done on rats, indicate that a combination
of the bioactive compounds may offer the best anti-cancer effect.
-
- "It has been unclear whether lycopene itself is
protective. This study suggests that lycopene is one factor involved in
reducing the risk of prostate cancer," said John Erdman Jr., a professor
of food science and human nutrition and of internal medicine at Illinois.
"This also suggests that taking lycopene as a dietary supplement is
not as effective as eating whole tomatoes. We believe people should consume
whole tomato products -- in pastas, in salads, in tomato juice and even
on pizza."
-
- The study, which lasted 14 months, appears in the Nov.
5 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Researchers now suggest that
the lycopene found in human prostate tissue and the blood of animals and
humans who remain disease free may reflect heightened exposure not just
to lycopene but also to other compounds that may be working in synergy
with it.
-
- In the new study, researchers in Erdman's laboratory
at Illinois randomly assigned 194 male rats treated with a carcinogen to
induce prostate cancer to diets containing whole tomato powder, pure lycopene
or a control.
-
- Four weeks later, the rats were divided into two groups,
with one having unlimited access to food and the second consuming 80 percent
of the first's average daily intake. At the conclusion of the feeding portion
of the study, histological studies on all of the rats' tissues and blood
were done at Ohio State under the direction of Dr. Steven K. Clinton. Clinton
earned a doctorate in nutritional sciences from Illinois and a medical
degree from the University of Illinois College of Medicine.
-
- Researchers found that the rats that had consumed the
tomato powder had a 26 percent lower risk of prostate cancer death than
control rats, after controlling for diet restriction. The rats fed pure
lycopene had a risk of prostate cancer similar to control rats.
-
- "Tomato powder consumption clearly extended the
life and reduced the cancer in this particular model," Erdman said.
"Lycopene was a little better than the control group but not as good
as the tomato powder group."
-
- In the end, prostate cancer had claimed the lives of
80 percent of the control group, 72 percent of the lycopene-fed rats and
62 percent of the rats fed tomato powder. Rats on the restricted diet had
an even lower risk of developing prostate cancer, independent of their
diets. The researchers suggest that tomato products and diet restriction
may have independent additive benefits.
-
- Other unpublished data in cell culture studies support
the idea that lycopene's role is enhanced in the presence of other phytochemicals
in tomatoes, Erdman said. His lab also is collaborating in studies finding
that higher blood levels of lycopene in human serum correlates to lower
risks of prostate cancer, especially in men over age 65. That work is part
of an on-going, long-term study of more than 51,500 male health professionals
by the Harvard University School of Public Health.
-
- Erdman, who was elected to the Institute of Medicine
of the National Academies in October, Clinton and colleagues say that more
work is needed to understand the role of the various phytochemicals in
tomatoes and to determine whether there are additive or synergistic effects
among the compounds.
-
- "Our findings strongly suggest that risks of poor
dietary habits cannot be reversed simply by taking a pill," Clinton,
a professor of hematology and oncology and of human nutrition, said in
an Ohio State news release. "We shouldn't expect easy solutions to
complex problems. We must focus more on choosing a variety of healthy foods,
exercising and watching our weight."
-
- Animal-based studies, such as this one involving rats,
Erdman said, expand on the epidemiologic findings regarding reduced cancer
risks and could pave the way for human clinical trials using tomato products
or extracts to protect against the development of prostate cancer.
-
- Other co-authors of the study were Thomas W.M. Boileau,
who earned a doctorate in nutritional sciences at Illinois and now is a
researcher for the Iams Co. in Lewisburg, Ohio, and research scientist
Zhiming Liao, statistician Sunny Kim and Stanley Lemeshow, a professor
of public health and director of the Biostatistics Program, all of Ohio
State.
-
- The research was supported by the U.S. Public Health
Service, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health and the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
-
- http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/11/031105064728.htm
|
