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- In 1948, 'neuropsychiatry' was divided into 'neurology"
- dealing with organic/physical diseases of the brain, and 'psychiatry'
- dealing with emotional/behavioral conditions in normal human beings[1].
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- There was no such thing as a psychiatric 'disease' then,
and there is no such thing today.
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- The 1950's were the dawn of the 'age of psychopharmacology'
--drugs for emotional/behavioral problems in physically normal persons.
Between 1952 and 1994, the American Psychiatric Association's (APA)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) grew from: 112 'disorders' and
'diseases' in 1952 [2], to163 in 1968 [3], 224 in the 1980 [4], 253 in
1987 [5], and 374 in the 1994 [6].
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- The ADHD, 'epidemic' (by whatever name) has grown from
150,000 in 1970, to a half million in 1985, a millionin 1990, and to 6
million today -12-13% of the nation's schoolchildren.
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- In the 60's, psychiatry and pharmaceutical industry launched
a psychopharmacology MARKETING STRATEGY. They would call all emotional/behavioral
problems "brain diseases." Thus, the public came to believe
in "chemical balancers" -pills - for "chemical imbalances"
(of the brain). Moreover, they have ceased to understand what "normal"
is.
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- On October 12, 1970, Congressman, Cornelius Gallagher
[7] wrote to Secretary of the Department of Health Education and Welfare,
Elliott Richardson, stating, "a NIMH witness testified that at least
one hundred fifty thousand children around the nation were receiving drugs."
"I have received letters from people highly critical of the focus
of the medical side of minimal brain dysfunction, which is, incidentally,
one of at least thirty-eight names attached to this condition. Such a
high incidence in the population - as high as thirty percent in ghetto
areas may not be pathological at all. Amphetamines now rival and perhaps
exceed hard drugs as a source of abuse, I recommend studies focusing on
other medication to control the behavior of hyperactive children."
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- In 1980, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) was invented,
in-committee, for DSM-III [4]. In 1987, ADD was revised, becoming ADHD
(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) for DSM-III-R [5]. Any 8 behaviors
from a list of 14, qualifies a child for the diagnosis. In 1994, ADHD
is again re-conceptualized , this time for DSM-IV [6]. Six of the nine
behaviors from one of two lists qualifies for the inattentive, the hyperactive-impulsive
or the combined type.
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- On July 15, 1996, Congressman Christopher Shays [7] testified:
"In ADHD, we are trying to draw the line between personality and
pathology, and we are placing millions of children and adults on either
side of the social, medical and legal boundary that divides the healthy
from the sick. We should do so only with the greatest care, and with particular
reticence to make our children medical patients because as a culture we
have lost our patience with them."
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- At the same hearing, Jensen [8], of the NIMH and CHADD
(he is a member of their Professional Advisory Board), assured the Congressman:
" &studies have consistently pointed towards disturbances in
brain functioning, particularly in brain areas responsible for attention
and memory." Jensen used the wording: "pointed toward disturbances
in brain functioning" because there was no proof of brain malfunction
at the time. Just as there is none today.
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- On September 23, 1993, Baughman [9], testified to the
Panel on NIH Research on Antisocial, Aggressive, and Violence-Related
Behaviors and their Consequences: "If, as I am convinced, these entities
are not diseases, it would be unethical to initiate research to evaluate
biological interventions unethical and fatally flawed scientifically.
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- In December, 1994, Pearlman [10], wrote: "I take
issue with Pincus (for the APA) assertion that elimination of the term
"organic" in the DSM-IV has served a useful purpose for psychiatry
& elimination of the term "organic" conveys the impression
that psychiatry wishes to conceal the nonorganic character of many behavioral
problems that were, in previous DSM publications, clearly differentiated
from known central nervous system diseases." Baughman [11], also
responding to Pincus APA assertion, wrote: " &to contend that
something is a disease when that has not been established is to fail to
provide the patient with information sufficient to make an informed decision."
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- On December 24, 1994, Leber [12] of the FDA wrote me:
" &as yet no distinctive pathophysiology for the disorder has
been delineated."
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- On October 25, 1995, Haislip [13] of the DEA wrote me:
"We are also unaware that ADHD has been validated as a biologic/organic
syndrome or disease."
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- In 1996, Schiller, of the US Department of Education,
Jensen (NIMH, CHADD), and Swanson (UC, Irvine, CHADD) [14], wrote, "Once
parents and teachers &recognize that children with ADD are not lazy
or "bad", but have a biological disorder, they can stop blaming
themselves or their children and take appropriate steps to prevent a pattern
of failure." There can be no doubt here, that they are calling ADD/ADHD
a disease; the children abnormal, diseased.
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- On April 15, 1998, I [15] wrote to Attorney General,
Janet Reno, stating: "The single, biggest heath care fraud in US
history the representation of ADHD to be an actual disease, and the drugging
of millions of entirely normal American children, as "treatment,"
is spreading like a plague &That ADHD is wholly devoid of validity
as a disease, a medical syndrome or, anything biologic or organic, is
the pivotal element of the fraud." No answer!
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- On October 8, 1998, Diller [16], author of Running on
Ritalin wrote to Sue Parry, a concerned mother: "The reason why you
have been unable to obtain any articles or studies presenting clear and
confirming evidence of a physical or chemical abnormality associated with
ADHD is that there are none. Not that medical science, especially in recent
years, hasn t tried. However the search for a biological marker is doomed
from the outset because of the contradictions and ambiguities of the diagnostic
construct of ADHD as defined by the DSM. I liken efforts to discover a
marker to the search for the Holy Grail."
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- On March 7, 1998, Swanson [17], of the University of
California, Irvine and CHADD (a member of their Professional Advisory
Board) stated: "I would like to have an objective diagnosis for the
disorder (ADHD). Right now psychiatric diagnosis is completely subjective
&"
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- On May, 13, 1998, Castellanos [18] or the NIMH wrote
me: " & we have not yet met the burden of demonstrating the specific
pathophysiology that we believe underlies this condition."
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- Opening the November, 1998, NIH, Consensus Conference
on ADHD, Hyman [19], Director of the NIMH stated: "ADHD affects from
0-3% in some school districts up to 40% in others. Surely this cannot
be right."
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- Addressing the Consensus Conference, Carey [20] concluded:
"What is now most often described as ADHD in the United States appears
to be a set of normal behavioral variations..."
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- Critiquing the report of the Consensus Conference Panel,
Degrandpre [21] observed, " & it appears that you define disease
as a maladaptive cluster of characteristics &in the history of science
and medicine, this would not be a valid definition of disease."
Having failed to validate ADHD as a disease, they seek to change the
definition.
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- Baughman [22] testified at the Consensus Conference:
"Without an iota of proof or credible science, the National Institute
of Mental Health (NIMH) has proclaimed the & children "brain-diseased,"
"abnormal." CHADD, funded by Ciba-Geigy, manufacturer of Ritalin,
has spread the "neuro-biological" lie. The US Department of
Education, absolving itself of controlling the children and rendering
them literate, coerces the labeling and drugging &ADHD is a total,
100% fraud." My appearance was expunged from the government videotape
of the conference.
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- NPR s Joe Palca [23], chided the Panel: ""What
you're telling us is that ADHD is like the Supreme Court's definition
of pornography, 'You know it when you see it.'"
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- The final statement of the Consensus Conference Panel
[24], delivered to attendees, and the press, November 18, 1998, read:
" ...we do not have an independent, valid test for ADHD, and there
are no data to indicate that ADHD is due to a brain malfunction."
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- An indefinite period following the November 18, "final
statement," of the Consensus Conference Panel, the NIH [25], published
yet another "final statement" reading: "although an independent
diagnostic test for ADHD does not exist, there is evidence supporting
the validity of the disorder."
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- On April 29, 1999, Baughman [26] responded to Report
of the Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association
[27]: "Once children are labeled with ADHD, they are no longer treated
as normal. Once Ritalin or any psychotropic drug courses through their
brain and body, they are, for the first time, physically, neurologically
and biologically, abnormal."
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- On November 28, 1999, I wrote to Matthew D. Cohen, Esq.
[28] President of CHADD, stating: "You and I know that whether or
not ADHD is an actual disease with a confirmatory, physical or chemical
abnormality, (detectable, patient-by-patient) is more fundamental to the
debate now raging over the Colorado State Board of Education s resolution,
than whether or not psychotropic drugs cause violence or, are addictive,
dangerous and deadly. You at CHADD, including all members of your Professional
Advisory Board, are aware that actual, bona fide diseases, are characterized
and validated by a confirmatory, physical or chemical abnormality. You
are aware of this, even if the general public is not, and is inclined
to trust and believe anything physicians tell them. Thus the widespread
belief, by the public, in ADHD as a disease, something "neurobiologic",
when there is no research-empirical proof.
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- This brings me to ADHD and to your letter to Mr. Clair
Orr, Chairman of the Colorado State Board of Education, of 11/2/99. You
state: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is a severe neurobiological
condition & The term "neurobiologic condition" says to
the public that there is something wrong or abnormal with the brain or
nervous system of the child/person with ADHD. How can CHADD make such
a statement to the public, and now, to the Colorado State Board of Education,
when there is no objective evidence or proof anywhere in the peer-reviewed
literature, that there is any neurological (brain) abnormality in children
(persons) said to have ADHD, or that there is anything physically, chemically,
or biologically abnormal, at all. How does CHADD justify calling so many
normal children diseased, abnormal--for surely you do--for purposes of
justifying prescriptions for them, mostly of addictive, controlled, Schedule
II, psychostimulant medications?"
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- I have never heard back from Mr. Cohen. However CHADD
repeated its claim, still with no scientific evidence with which to back
it up, that Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is a severe neurobiological
condition & in testimony to the Arkansas State House of Representatives,
May, 3, 2000.
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- On December 13, 1999, Surgeon General, David Satcher
released his Report on Mental Health. In it he alleged: "Mental illness
is no different than diabetes, asthma or other physical ailments &Mental
illnesses are physical illnesses &We know the chemical disorders we
are treating &"
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- In a letter of January 25, 2000, I [29] responded: "Having
gone to medical school and studied &disease, then, diagnosis, you
and I, and all physicians, know that the presence of any bona fide disease,
like diabetes, cancer, or epilepsy is confirmed by an objective finding--a
physical or chemical abnormality. No demonstrable physical or chemical
abnormality: no disease! You also know, I am sure, that there is no physical
or chemical abnormality to be found, in life, or at autopsy in "depression,
bipolar disorder and other mental illnesses &" Why, then, are
you telling the American people that "mental illnesses" are
"physical" and that they are due to "chemical disorders"?
&Your role in this deception and victimization is clear. Whether you
are a physician, so unscientific, that you cannot read their contrived,
"neurobiologic" literature and see the fraud, or whether you
see it and choose to be an accomplice--you should resign."
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- In January, 2000 Castellanos [30], summarized the state
of ADHD science: "Incontrovertible evidence is still lacking &In
time I m confident we ll confirm the case for organic causes."
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- On May 1, 2000, the law firm of Waters and Kraus [31]
of Dallas, Texas filed the first class action suit charging that the APA,
CHADD and Novartis: " planned, conspired, and colluded to create,
develop, promote and confirm the diagnoses of Attention Deficit Disorder
and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, in a highly successful effort
to increase the market for its product Ritalin." As of September,
2000, five or six or such class action suits had been filed, 2 in California.
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- It is impossible to escape the conclusion that ADD/ADHD
is a total fraud leading to the medical victimization of millions of previously
normal, if troubled, mis-educated, children across the United States.
It is also impossible to escape the conclusion that many departments,
offices, and officials, of the federal government, are, knowingly and
unknowingly, parties to this fraud and victimization. (PROJECT TRANSPARENCY)
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- If you, Ladies and Gentlemen, if want to know whether
ADHD, or any psychiatric disease is truly a disease or not, all you
have to do is pose the following question, just as I did, on September
19, to Doctors Hyman and Castellanos (or any reputable psychiatric researcher,
or psychiatric organization), of the NIMH: Is ADHD (or any psychiatric
disease ) a bona fide disease with a confirmatory physical or chemical
abnormality demonstrable within the patient? Circle yes or no. (do
not write in this space).
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- If yes, cite the article which constitutes proof of
the confirmatory physical or chemical abnormality, entering the following:
the author(s) xxxx.. title of the article xxxx. journal name xxxx.
date xxxx. volume xxxx page numbers xxxx. (do not write anything
else in this section)
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- Examples:
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- Baughman FA. CHANDS: the curly hair-ankyloblepharon-nail
dysplasia syndrome. Birth Defects: Original Article Series. 1971;7:100-102.
(this was the original description of a never-before described disease,
validated as such by it s confirmatory, distinctive, combination of physical
abnormalities.
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- Toriello HV, Lindstrom JA, Waterman, DF, Baughman FA.
Re-evaluation of CHANDS. Journal of Medical Genetics. 1979;16:316-317.
(this study proved that CHANDS is a genetic disease)
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- Thank you for this opportunity to portray for you the
scientific status, such as it is, of childhood psychopharmacology in the
United States, today.
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- Footnotes And Bibiography of The Rise and Fall Of ADD/ADHD
Fred A. Baughman Jr., MD, 9/22/00
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- The American Academy of Neurology: The First Fifty Years,
1948-1998. Maynard M. Cohen (ed.). The American Academy of Neurology,
St. Paul, MN.
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- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Washington, DC. 1952.
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- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd edition (DSM-II). Washington, DC. 1968.
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- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders, 3rd edition. Washington: American Psychiatric
Association, 1980.
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- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition-revised (DSM-III-R). Washington,
DC. 1987.
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- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. Washington, DC. 1994.
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- Letter from Cornelius E. Gallagher, Chairman of the Right
to Privacy Inquiry Special Studies Subcommittee to the Honorable Elliott
Richardson, Secretary Department of Health Education and Welfare (HEW)
October 12, 1970.
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- Testimony of Rep. Christopher Shays, R-CN, also of Peter
S. Jensen, M.D., at the Hearing of the Committee on Government Reform
and Oversight, July 15, 1996.
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- Baughman FA. Testimony to the Panel on NIH Research on
Antisocial, Aggressive, and Violence-Related Behaviors and their Consequences,
September 23, 1993.
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- Pearlman, T. Letter to the editor in Clinical Psychiatric
News December, 1994.
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- Baughman, FA. Letter to the editor in Clinical Psychiatric
News December, 1994.
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- Leber, P. Personal correspondence to F.Baughman of December
24, 1994.
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- Haislip, G.R. Personal correspondence to F.Baughman of
October 25, 1995.
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- Schiller E, Jensen PS, Swanson J. In magazine of the
Parent Teachers Association, from the Office of Special Education, US
Department of Education,1996.
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- Baughman FA Jr. Letter to Attorney General, Janet Reno,
April 15, 1998.
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- Diller, L. personal correspondence, S. Parry, October
8, 1997.
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- Swanson, J. Quote from presentation at the American Society
of Adolescent Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, March 7, 1998.
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- Castellanos, FX. Personal correspondence to F.Baughman
of May, 13, 1998.
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- Hyman SE. Opening remarks at the November 16-18, 1998,
NIH, Consensus Conference on ADHD.
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- Carey, WB. Invited presentation: "Is ADHD a Valid
Disorder" at the November 16-18, 1998, NIH, Consensus Conference
on ADHD.
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- DeGrandpre, R. Quoted at the November 16-18, 1998, NIH,
Consensus Conference on ADHD.
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- Baughman, FA Jr. Testimony at the NIH, Consensus Conference
on ADHD, November 17, 1998.
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- Palca J. Quoted at the press conference of November 18,
1998, following the NIH, Consensus Conference on ADHD .
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- Final Statement of the Panel of the NIH, Consensus Conference
on ADHD, delivered, November 18, 1998,
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- Final Statement of the Panel of the NIH, Consensus Conference
on ADHD. (this was the second final statement authored and put up on the
NIH web site, www.nimh.nih.gov an indeterminate time after November,
18, 1998)
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- Baughman, F.A. Jr. Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder. JAMA. 1999;281:1490.
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- Goldman LS, Genel M, Bezman RJ, Slanetz PJ, for the Council
on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. JAMA. 1998; 279:1100-1107.
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- Baughman, FA Jr., letter to Matthew D. Cohen, Esq., President,
CHADD, November 28, 1999.
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- Baughman FA Jr., letter to Surgeon General, David Satcher,
December 13, 1999.
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- Castellanos, FX. Interview in Making Sense of Ritalin,
Readers Digest, January, 2000.
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- Law firm of Waters and Kraus, Dallas, Texas, on <ritalinfraud.com
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