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- AN independent study into the use of chlorine-treated
drinking water has been ordered by the Government because of fears that
it may cause spina bifida and stillbirths.
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- Scientists from Imperial College, London University,
will carry out the research after doctors in Norway, Canada and the United
States reported higher levels of birth defects in areas where chlorine
is used, compared with drinking water treated by alternative methods. All
of Britain's water companies chlorinate their supplies. The only people
who have non-chlorinated water are those with their own bore holes or wells.
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- A Norwegian study of 141,000 births over three years
found a 14 per cent increased risk of birth defects in areas with chlorinated
water. Scientists have already found an association between chlorine and
an increased risk of bowel, kidney and bladder cancer, but it is the first
time that a link has been found with higher levels of spina bifida.
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- Last night the Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus Association
said it was "concerned" by the findings and would be discussing
them with medical advisers before considering making representations to
the Government. British water industry experts have not dismissed the findings
but said that the safety benefits of purification outweigh the risks of
birth defects.
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- Dr Per Magnus, who carried out the Norwegian research,
said: "This is an important finding because we know there are chemicals
released by the action of chlorine on organic particles at treatment works.
We have observed mutations in these chemicals which seem to tie up with
mutations that are found in babies. We were in a unique position in Norway
to make these observations because in some areas our water comes from the
mountains and doesn't require cleaning with chlorine."
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- The Norwegian government has ordered more research. Concerned
families there have been filtering tap water. A popular method has been
to place sachets of coral sand, dredged from fjords, into water before
it is drunk, removing all traces of chlorine in tap water in 15 minutes.
In Canada, at Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, researchers found that
high levels of trihalomethanes, a by-product of chlorine in drinking water,
significantly increased the risk of stillbirth.
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- Dr John Marshall, of the Pure Water Association, a pressure
group which has been campaigning for safer drinking water, said: "It
shows we should be paying more attention to the chemicals we put in drinking
water and be looking for other alternatives to chlorination. A number of
safe, non-toxic options exist, such as treating water with the gas ozone
or ultra violet."
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- Chlorine is in the same chemical group as fluoride, which
has been linked with cancer and osteoporosis. There is also a connection
between fluoride and increased blood pressure and an increase in problems
with the thyroid gland. John Fawell, a leading specialist on water quality,
and an independent industry consultant, said the British Government and
water companies were taking the danger of birth defects seriously. He said:
"The people who have done this work in Norway and the United States
are reputable researchers and the Government and water companies have commissioned
their own research from London University.
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- "But at present the conclusion of the World Health
Organisation and other concerned bodies is that the risk from contaminated
water supplies outweighs the risk to health from chlorine. Levels of chlorine
and its by-products have been falling in water and the amount coming out
of the average tap is half a millilitre per litre."
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- 6 February 2000: [UK News] Parents told to sue for school
drinking water 17 January 1999: [UK News] Water firms seek legal
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