Dr. Joseph
M. Thomas
Consumer Safety Officer Division of Petition Review,
HFS-265 Office of Food Additive Safety Center for Food Safety
and Applied Nutrition Dear Dr. Thomas: I
am in receipt of a letter signed by you dated 9/26/2017.
Obviously, Dr. Musser couldn't and won’t answer my letter, and it
appears to be given to the aspartame industry to prepare a deceiving
propagandistic response. Where the aspartame industry could use
propaganda, it does whenever possible, but when it came to answering
crucial and critical evidence, there was no response. If
you truly wrote this rubbish and it is your sole response
representing the FDA, then you should hand in your resignation,
because this is a serious imminent health hazard petition besides
answering FDA's letter that was written 14 years after a demand for
ban. The original response over a decade ago was not even sent to me
because the aspartame industry knew I would answer it meticulously
and in detail, and I only received it after I discovered that it was
published by the National Law Review! Dr. Kenneth
Stoller, Pediatrician, informed me that he didn't receive his either
after demanding a ban. What kind of response did FDA send to 12
toxicologists demanding a ban? Here is the letter I'm
answering, (just in case you never read it!):
http://www.rense.com/general96/FDAaspar.html It's
sort of like me writing about the dangers of plutonium and you
writing back about the safety of spinach. Your response does
not confront the evidence at all! You stated: "In
your latest letter, you refer to and heavily rely on a range of
events dating back to the 1970s when aspartame was initially
investigated for safety as a sweetener. Many of these
references were submitted initially as part of your citizen petition
to recall aspartame and were considered in our review of that
petition." Quite simply and very obviously,
they are being resubmitted because FDA didn't answer them the first
time! You seem to be ignorant of the fact that aspartame was
never proven safe. You can't put further evidence of that
unless you show how Don Rumsfeld used political chicanery to get this
poison on the market. Nations around the world
rubber-stamped approval of aspartame without doing their own studies,
and so thus approved the marketing of a chemical poison for human
consumption based on an FDA approval which egregiously violated the
laws of the United States. As an example,
while in New Zealand, I visited Food Standards. After showing
the agent government records of fraud and deception, he admitted: "We
did no studies at all, but relied on the FDA." G.
D. Searle in the beginning knew if other countries found out about
the fraud, they wouldn't approve it. So, for example, in
England, aspartame was approved because of a business deal, and when
Parliament found out the truth, the members were in an uproar over it
but didn't rescind the approval. The story was amply and
meticulously published in the Guardian.
Here
it is:
http://www.wnho.net/how_aspartame_got_approved_in_england.htm
When I was lecturing in England, I mentioned that no
studies were done there. Someone in the audience stated: "In
reality, there was one, but all the rats died. The one who did
the study was told it was okay to shorten the study until the day
before all the rats died, so they could say it was safe."
So no matter where I have traveled to lecture, I find
out approval was based on other nations’ reliance of the
Fatal Drugs Allowed approval! You can read about the
deception in approving aspartame starting with this one:
http://www.rense.com/general33/legal.htm
Here is one by a former FDA Investigator who left
because of corruption:
https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Apr03/042503/02P-0317_emc-000245.txt
This is no secret your own scientists wrote to
President Obama to let him know the FDA was broken, describing
corruption and fear of reprisal if speaking out. Here it
is on CNN:
https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Apr03/042503/02P-0317_emc-000245.txt
Here is the actual letter from nine scientists
at FDA admitting to the corruption:
https://www.finance.senate.gov/ranking-members-news/letter-to-president-obama-from-fda-physicians
Do we need to go over it again? FDA never
proved aspartame to be safe. They set up a task force, and even
attempted to have aspartame's manufacturer indicted for fraud. Both
US Prosecutors Samuel Skinner and William Conlon went to work for the
defense team and as part of the deal, they purposefully let the
statute of limitations run out! Then the FDA revoked
the petition for approval. Before Dr. Jeri Goyan could sign it
into law, Don Rumsfeld "called in his markers".
President Reagan fired Dr. Goyan in the middle of the night according
to his wife through his transition team. Then he wrote an executive
order preventing the revoked petition being signed, and then had it
expunged. He appointed a friend of Rumsfeld, Arthur Hull Hayes,
to take over the FDA and over-rule the Board of Inquiry, which he
promptly did. If the only way G. D. Searle could
get aspartame to appear to be safe was through fraud, please explain
to me why at this point would the FDA even consider a study that came
through industry (or whoever they influence with their power)? I'm
still wondering why the 52 week oral toxicity study on monkeys was
pivotal in the approval of aspartame. It was done on 7 infant
monkeys, 5 had grand mal seizures and one died. Do you consider
frequent seizures as a hallmark of safety? Then when the public
suffers seizures you call it merely “anecdotal”? No one has
ever denied the power of the aspartame industry. So aspartame
has continued to trigger seizures and blindness. While
you're at it, perhaps you could explain to me why you didn't respond
to over 20 scientific peer reviewed studies showing the harm
aspartame triggers or precipitates? Naturally there are
hundreds more and victims using aspartame are told if they abstain
from consuming aspartame, their seizures will stop. If
aspartame were not the cause, the seizures wouldn't stop.
Since I originally wrote, there have been more of these definitive
studies. They come in constantly, all uniformly and
independently showing horrific results. Why does
the FDA not comment on independent peer reviewed studies?
Are you saying you don't consider independent studies and they are
"all" wrong? How do you reply to the Trocho Study by Dr. M.
Alemany in Barcelona Spain which showed the formaldehyde converted
from the free methyl alcohol embalms living tissue and damages DNA?
The aspartame industry told Dr. Alemany that they didn't accept it
because it wasn't peer reviewed. So when it was peer reviewed,
the only thing the aspartame industry did is try to assassinate Dr.
Alemany's character. Here is his letter:
http://www.mpwhi.com/hhc-malemany.pdf You
harp on the Ramazzini Studies by Dr. Morando Soffritti because there
is no way to get around the cancer aspartame causes. Dr.
Soffritti did three studies showing aspartame to be a multipotential
carcinogen. EFSA, the European Food Safety Agency, was coerced
by industry not to accept these studies. Dr. Herman Koeter who headed
EFSA resigned at the time saying they were pressured by industry to
hijack science. What industry said
was that the rats had respiratory disease. Dr. Soffritti said
"of course, they had respiratory disease. This was a
lifetime study and respiratory disease is the dying process - the
rats were dying." Dr. Soffritti gave a
complete rebuttal to the nonsense of industry that was "pushed"
on EFSA, and yet FDA still uses the industry propaganda. Dr.
Soffritti showed what fools they are. I was with Dr.
Soffritti at a press conference in New York when he received a
prestigious award only given twice in history for his distinguished
studies, the prestigious Selikoff Award. This Award is only
granted for groundbreaking cancer research. It was created in 1993 by
the Collegium Ramazzini, an academy of 180 internationally renowned
experts in occupational and environmental health from over 30
nations. It had been awarded just twice before being presented to Dr.
Soffritti. Moreover, his study was peer-reviewed by seven World
experts. Since industry and EFSA were proven wrong by
Dr. Soffritti's rebuttal, why haven't you changed your position to
one of facts instead of propaganda? I notice you didn't say
anything about Harvard's study on humans proving aspartame causes
cancer. They said their study was the longest and strongest.
Since it agrees with Dr. Soffritti, clearly you choose to ignore the
mounting evidence. Does the FDA sit
up at night thinking of ways to be more corrupt and deceptive?
While Dr. Soffritti was receiving this award and
announcing the horrendous dangers proven by his second study, here's
the FDA putting out press advisories to the effect they don't accept
the Ramazzini Study. Since it was done on the very day
Soffritti announced his second study, that would make the public
think FDA was talking about the findings in his more recent study.
Aspartame caused so much cancer in Romania they banned
it 6 years ago. If aspartame causes cancer in Romania, it also
causes cancer in America. After the FDA (Dr. Adrian Gross,
chief scientist in the investigation of aspartame) said aspartame
causes cancer, why do you not accept your own FDA findings? You
simply ignore FDA's own findings and history, and object to the
original findings from constantly being discussed. I
resent the fact that when evidence is presented, it is
disregarded in favor of some remark you can't prove. I quoted
FDA's lead scientist in the investigation of aspartame, Dr. Adrian
Gross, telling the Senate there was no safe dose of aspartame because
it caused brain tumors and brain cancer and violated the Delaney
Amendment which forbids putting anything in products for human
consumption that you know cause cancer. So
knowing out of FDA's own mouth it has been proven that aspartame
causes cancer, you state: "....human consumption of
aspartame is well below the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) established
by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of 50 milligrams per
kilogram of body weight per day (mg/kg bw/d) and is safe for its
intended use." Prove to me it is well below
the ADI when there is no safe ADI as FDA scientist Dr. Gross told the
Senate on 8/1/85. Why don't you answer questions like that
instead of outright lying? It was never proven safe to begin
with, as Dr. Jacqueline Verrett, FDA toxicologist who was also on the
investigation team of aspartame, told the Senate in 1987. It
was approved in 1981, and yet six years later, here in 1987 Dr.
Verrett testified to the Senate that aspartame is on the market
without having been proven safe. Dr. Verrett also stated that the FDA
was continuously leading up to a whitewash when she was there.
The complete congressional records are on
www.mpwhi.com
How dare you act like this chemical poison was ever
proven safe when your own records and FDA investigators said it
wasn't, and people are still dying? I’m quoting FDA’s
own records, which you conveniently fail to mention in your letter.
Perhaps you're too busy describing deaths from aspartame as “merely
anecdotal”! I have proven the fact the CDC
investigation revealed aspartame problems, like mood alteration,
seizures, cardiac arrest and even death, yet the CDC added a summary
that contraindicated that report. On CDC's own web site you see
the summary which is dishonest and the actual investigation is not
shown. What a cover-up. Here is the investigation that is
missing from their site: http://www.mpwhi.com/cdc_information.htm
I asked the CDC why they allowed a summary that contradicted the
investigation and the woman said: "The doctor who wrote
that has retired." You have the audacity to tell me
by themselves, these complaints from victims don't prove they
were caused by aspartame. The complaints are not by themselves;
they have been proven by scientific peer reviewed studies by
independent unbiased scientists, and you ignore all these studies
mentioned in my letters. It is quite clear that you only accept
studies by industry defending their product or by those paid by and
controlled by industry. They have their own research front group,
ILSI. The International Life Sciences Institute. You have to be
willing to say aspartame is safe if you want research funds.
Members have been on the committees of EFSA showing a
conflict of interest. Even tobacco has been involved with
them: http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/ILSI.pdf
You can also read about them in the 8 month investigation of
aspartame by UPI:
http://www.mpwhi.com/upi_1987_aspartame_report.pdf Read
what " US Right To Know" has written:
chttp://usrtk.org/tag/ilsi/
"One recent focus
of scrutiny has been the ties between Michael Pratt, Senior Advisor
for Global Health in the CDC’s disease prevention unit, and
Coca-Cola’s brainchild the nonprofit corporate interest group
called the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI.) ISLI was
founded by Coca-Cola scientific and regulatory affairs leader Alex
Malaspina in 1978, and continues to advocate for the agenda of
beverage and food industries. Some in the scientific community see
ILSI as little more than a front group aimed at advancing the
interests of those industries with little regard for public
well-being.
"Still, ILSI’s money and influence are well
known at the CDC, and Pratt’s work with ILSI is a prime example.
Documents show that Pratt has a long history of promoting and helping
lead research backed by Coca-Cola and ILSI." One
of the web sites I listed you rejected, the Aspartame Toxicity
Center, www.holisticmed.com/aspartame
exposes the cover-up of aspartame. This site
presents evidence that shows how industry abuses scientific studies.
Yet you ignore studies when performed by unbiased scientists.
It was even admitted in Congress that FDA was so covered up with
complaints FDA was forwarding them to the AIDS Hotline. Anyone can go
to this site and get the facts FDA covers up. After
over almost 40 years on the market, do you honestly think people
don't know what aspartame triggers or precipitates? Articles
about these studies proving the complaints are in the news
constantly. Why not read them? Today, aspartame
is being put in so many drugs they are constantly disabling and
killing people. One physician at a hospital here told me he
checked all the gastrointestinal generic drugs, and aspartame was in
all them. They were given to me, and I stopped breathing three
times before I knew it. The doctor said he was sorry and that
he didn't know until he checked, and insurance companies only fill
generics when available. The doctor asked me "Why is
aspartame being added to drugs?" To the FDA, I'm
just one more “mere anecdote.” Aspartame damages the
mitochondria and interacts with drugs and vaccines. It's all
right there in the medical text I sent FDA - "Aspartame Disease:
An Ignored Epidemic" by world expert, H. J. Roberts, M.D.
This medical text is 1000 pages and explains aspartame
today is now a disease. It was Dr. Roberts who coined the phrase
“Aspartame Disease” because its use is consistent with
Hippocratic writings. The symptoms are predictable and there is
a pattern. "When a large number of people all catch the
same disease at the same time, the cause must be ascribed to
something common to all." (Rosenberg 1992). It
is appropriate because this affliction fulfills these four
Koch-like postulates:
* There is an identifiable cause. *
Symptoms and signs follow such exposure and are
reproducible in a given individual. * Improvement occurs after
avoiding aspartame products (not always an easy feat). *
The same complaints usually promptly recur on challenge." I'm
quoting this from the medical text, and you see the reference in the
paragraph. You say in your letter: "You state that
this text contains mechanisms demonstrating how aspartame causes
adverse events; however, we note that this text does not contain
references, data or credible scientific supporting evidence."
Tell me Dr. Thomas: do you not have any grown-ups
around that can read? Not only are there references in the
paragraphs but there are also more than 25 pages of bibliography.
Let me take you to Dictionary.com: "Bibliographies
generally
appear as a list at the end of a book or article. They may show what
works the author used in writing the article or book, or they may
list works that a reader might find useful." This
medical text is full of references on every page. Furthermore,
it not only gives scientific supporting evidence but it also
documents how it got approved and the fraud behind it, and that's
what FDA doesn't want to admit to. You can't
destroy the paper trail as it is manifested all over the world.
Movies have been made about it like "Sweet Misery:
A Poisoned World" - www.sweetremedyradio.com
Have you taken the time to watch this film? It could be most
illuminating to you and your colleagues. The owner of
the film company, Cori Brackett, is an aspartame victim. She
was in a wheelchair for years and could hardly talk or walk and had
one of the largest lesions ever seen in an MS victim. She drank
lots of diet pop and still gained lots of weight. Then one
day she read an article on aspartame, at which point she opted to get
off the poison. She walked out of her wheelchair, and 8 months
later the lesion had almost completely disappeared. The weight came
off as well. She is a wonderful talented and
compassionate human being, but to you she is nothing but one more
anecdote. She suffered so much on aspartame; she made
this documentary about it with lots of testimony from physicians
which even the FDA cannot ignore! You have the
intransigence to question scientific evidence, references and data in
Dr. Roberts’ medical text "Aspartame Disease: An Ignored
Epidemic". This medical text which gives all the
mechanisms by which aspartame triggers or precipitates the diseases
will go down in history by a brilliant diabetic specialist who in the
1980's was selected as the Best Doctor in the US. He has left
behind a legacy that has saved lives all over the world, and because
of his medical text continues to be life saving. His concern
for humanity and his brilliance caused him to be knighted by the
Order of St. George. He has received so many awards I wouldn't
know where to begin, but I have over two file folders on his CV.
Before his death, he gave me his 30 years of research on Aspartame
Disease. Dr. Roberts was not only certified and recertified by the
American Board of Internal Medicine but his first text on medical
diagnosis called "Difficult Diagnosis" has been
meticulously studied and used by 60,000 doctors, especially to
prepare for their Board examinations. Only
industry (or someone colluding with them to cover up fraud)
would make such a statement against such a recognized masterpiece on
Aspartame Disease. The whole world can corroborate
that what FDA says is a lie, because they can buy a copy on
www.amazon.com
and see that it is filled with references, medical explanations,
scientific studies, and that is also documents the fraud that
occurred throughout the approval process. You can be sure this
is an open letter, so even more will have that opportunity.
The most heinous crime by the FDA was sealing the
teratology studies on aspartame by G. D. Searle. They showed
spinal bifida, cleft palate and neural tube defects to start with. It
was FDA's own compliance officer, Jerome Dressler, who after
retirement begged me to find the ones that were in his report, He
identified aspartame as a poison and one that could harm babies
if consumed by their mothers, with no warning to pregnant women.
How could FDA commit such a crime? Dr. H. J.
Roberts and Dr. Russell Blaylock both spoke to Jerome Bressler at my
request so I wouldn't be the only one who knew what FDA did to cover
up the fact aspartame causes birth defects written on FDA's own
form by Dr. Thomas Collins. There is no way to
deny that; after I added them back to Bressler's report FDA
released 4 more studies they had refused to release in the past to
Dr. Woodrow Monte. The jig was up. Dr. Monte wrote a book
about them and methanol, "While Science Sleeps: A Sweetener
Kills", www.whilesciencesleeps.com
You ignore what the FDA has already admitted, so after
over 36 years of controversy and scientists constantly doing studies
proving aspartame is unsafe, FDA approved Advantame. It appears
unlabeled and half the molecule is aspartame. So now that it
has been admitted that it causes birth defects, FDA put this on the
market with no pregnancy warning. As Dr. Roberts
pointed out in the "Report for Schools" even the baby gets
it through breast milk.
http://www.mpwhi.com/report_on_aspartame_and_children.htm
"Pregnant
women and nursing mothers
I
continue to urge ALL pregnant women and mothers who breast-feed to
avoid aspartame products...advice that many of my obstetric
colleagues have adopted.
This precaution has been dramatically
demonstrated as valid by the occurrence of convulsions in suckling
infants as the mother drank an aspartame soda. The scientific grounds
for the foregoing continue to increase. They include:
exposure
of the fetus to considerable phenylalanine and methanol
maternal
malnutrition associated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and a
reduction of calories
transmission
of aspartame and its breakdown components via the mother's milk
the
increased "allergic load," thereby risking future
hypersensitivity problems
Birth
defects and subsequent generational stigmas
The
finding of aspartame metabolites in DNA clearly has profound
implications. I have described severe problems in the fetus or the
infants of parents-including fathers-who consumed aspartame at the
time of conception and/or during pregnancy."
You will
notice that Dr. Roberts’ medical text even goes into the issue of
crime. Aspartame is a psychotropic drug. With the
depletion of serotonin, so many are suffering bi-polar,
schizophrenia, paranoia and even suicide tendencies. Sometimes
people don't know what they are doing. Aspartame touches
everything from causing pilots to have crashes to people killing
themselves.
Advantame must immediately be removed from
the market, along with aspartame and Neotame. You have been
given the evidence, but you have systematically ignored it!
You
have ignored these facts in particular:
1. In my letter,
I quoted the top FDA scientist on the investigation of aspartame, Dr.
Adrian Gross, when he admitted aspartame to the Senate that there is
no safe dose of and ending by saying "If the FDA violates its
own laws who is left to protect the public?"
2. The
many scientific studies mentioned. Even recent scientific peer
reviewed studies show everything from the metabolic syndrome,
obesity, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and strokes to cancer
including leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Why do you
ignore these studies, and especially ones showing cancer since FDA
themselves were the first to conclude aspartame is a carcinogen? Why
do you purposefully veil your response to conveniently cover up and
ignore FDA’s own original findings?
3. In studies even
by G. D. Searle that FDA released to Dr. Woodrow Monte prove
aspartame causes horrific birth defects including spinal bifida,
neural tube defects and cleft palate. I was poisoned by the
generics to Zofran and Raglan and now there are class actions on both
for having caused birth defects like cleft palate, as shown in G. D.
Searle's own studies FDA hid from the public, until Jerome Bressler
asked me to find them. It took 8 years.
4.
Your FDA list of reactions total 91, and the #92 is Death. FDA
has lied to the media about the list not existing, and I've had to
fax it. Notice that this is on your own FDA stationery:
http://www.mpwhi.com/92_aspartame_symptoms.pdf
If a supplement caused just one of the problems
aspartame triggers or precipitates, you would (perhaps) remove it
immediately. In fact, that's how Ephedra got removed. I
wrote about it. http://www.wnho.net/ephedrastory.htm
We started to investigate and found that Steve Belcher died
from aspartame. He didn't understand the fluctuation in weight
so he would fast one day, then the next day just drink Diet Coke all
day. The complete investigation was done by the late Don
Harkins, who published the Idaho Observer. Dr. Russell Blaylock wrote
an Athlete Alert so that people would know why so many athletes are
dropping dead from aspartame.
http://www.wnho.net/aspartame_msg_scd.htm
Deceitful acts have been going on for a long time because of
FDA's loyalty to Big Pharma. I'm happy to say one of those acts
I reported is now detailed in a book that was just released.
Earl Rayburn is an herbalist like his father. What was his
crime? He had 800 letters of people who had terminal cancer and
were sent home to die, but they were thanking him for saving their
life. They all survived because of herbs Jehovah God gave all
people on the planet. Gen 1:29: "And God went on to
say: "Here I have given to you all vegetation bearing seed
which is on the surface of the whole earth and every tree on which
there is the fruit of a tree bearing seed. To you, let it serve as
food."
FDA had the audacity to send
the Forestry to Rayburn's acreage and destroy all his herbs. He
lived in a small Georgia town where everybody knows each other.
So one of the men from the Forestry told Earl: "I want to
apologize for what we did. The FDA made us do it, saying that
they couldn't have cancer cured." If that wasn't bad
enough, they were told to go around the area and spray and kill
herbs.
Earl being a kind and compassionate man and wanting to
help people he bought herbs elsewhere. FDA confiscated $140,000
worth of herbs and then fined him $75,000. They had him sign a
paper that he would not tell what FDA did to him, and then expunged
the record. I knew it at the time and I didn't sign anything.
So now his widow resides on land poisoned, directed by FDA.
Millions have perished from aspartame, so please tell me, Dr.
Thomas: how many people have died from Lady Slipper growing along the
road?
Earl Rayburn died with a broken heart, but I gave
him my word I would make sure the public found out what FDA did, and
I have fulfilled my promise with the recent release of a new book.
The US National Poison Data System says there was not even
one death by a dietary supplement in 2009. The new 200-page
annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers,
published in the journal Clinical Toxicology, shows zero deaths from
multiple vitamins; zero deaths from any of the B vitamins; zero
deaths from vitamins A, C, D, or E; and zero deaths from any other
vitamin and no deaths from herbs.
At DoctorYourself.com the
writer said: If nutritional supplements are allegedly so
"dangerous," as the FDA and news media so often claim, then
where
are the bodies?
The bodies from aspartame are so rampant
they have a department at EPA having to do with their deaths. I
know because a former employee, pathologist Reginall Bundrage worked
there. He told me in the early 1990's he talked to his superiors and
asked why a product that caused these many deaths is kept on the
market, He was told "the FDA will probably soon have to
remove it." He told me that in 2010 and said FDA never
removed it while the bodies of death by aspartame continued.
The EPA refuses to connect you to this department.
Here's
another of what you would call an anecdote on one of those deaths.
His name is Neal from Spring, Texas. He wrote: "My
name is Neal Segrest. My daughter went to the doctor with a
headache, a bronchial infection and had been a victim of two major
seizures in the last three years. The General practitioner that
saw her gave her whooping cough and a tetanus prevention in one hip
and penicillin, a massive penicillin shot in the other. She
might have had a migraine, but after being told three times that
Maxalt took three days to work, she took them steadfastly along with
Promethazine and three other meds that have known to lower the
seizure threshold."
"I went to her
apartment on the evening of the second day and she was chugging water
and Crystal Light. On the third day she passed away around
noon. We found her later that night cold and stiff.”
While
knowing headache is #1 on your list of 92 symptoms you allow Maxalt
for headache to have aspartame in the product. They have
refused to remove it so a study was done that proved Maxalt with
aspartame made headaches worse and they still refused to eliminate
it. Why would a physician say it takes 3 days to work.
Could it be because instead of getting better the aspartame in Maxalt
makes it worse and they hope for the best.
The
FDA has brought to the world nothing but shame, deception and death.
Day after day after day more and more studies and articles pile in on
the dangers of aspartame, and have for years. The US Right To
Know people have shown it’s all a matter of record:
http://www.rense.com/general96/deadlyaspar.html
Try
again, Dr. Thomas, but this time without ignoring all the evidence
including over 30 years of scientific peer reviewed studies by
independent researchers.
Sincerely,
Dr.
Betty Martini, D.Hum
www.mpwhi.com
10/6/2017
|