- Weed killer kills human cells. Study intensifies debate
over 'inert' ingredients.
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- http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/roundup-weed-killer
- -is-toxic-to-human-cells.-study-intensifies-debate-over-inert-ingredients
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- Used in yards, farms and parks throughout the world,
Roundup has long been a top-selling weed killer. But now researchers have
found that one of Roundup's inert ingredients can kill human cells, particularly
embryonic, placental and umbilical cord cells. The new findings intensify
a debate about so-called "inerts" the ssolvents, preservatives,
surfactants and other substances that manufacturers add to pesticides.
Nearly 4,000 inert ingredients are approved for use by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
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- By Crystal Gammon
- Environmental Health News
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- Used in yards, farms and parks throughout the world,
Roundup has long been a top-selling weed killer. But now researchers have
found that one of Roundup's inert ingredients can kill human cells, particularly
embryonic, placental and umbilical cord cells.
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- The new findings intensify a debate about so-called "inerts"
the solvents, preservatives, surfactants and other substances thaat manufacturers
add to pesticides. Nearly 4,000 inert ingredients are approved for use
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
- http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx800218n
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- Glyphosate, Roundup's active ingredient, is the most
widely used herbicide in the United States. About 100 million pounds
are applied to U.S. farms and lawns every year, according to the EPA.
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- Until now, most health studies have focused on the safety
of glyphosate, rather than the mixture of ingredients found in Roundup.
But in the new study, scientists found that Roundup's inert ingredients
amplified the toxic effect on human cellseven at concentrations much more
diluted than those useed on farms and lawns.
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- One specific inert ingredient, polyethoxylated tallowamine,
or POEA, was more deadly to human embryonic, placental and umbilical cord
cells than the herbicide itself a finding the researchers call "astonishing.
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- "This clearly confirms that the [inert ingredients]
in Roundup formulations are not inert," wrote the study authors from
France's University of Caen. "Moreover, the proprietary mixtures available
on the market could cause cell damage and even death [at the] residual
levels" found on Roundup-treated crops, such as soybeans, alfalfa
and corn, or lawns and gardens.
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- The research team suspects that Roundup might cause pregnancy
problems by interfering with hormone production, possibly leading to abnormal
fetal development, low birth weights or miscarriages.
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- Monsanto, Roundup's manufacturer, contends that the methods
used in the study don't reflect realistic conditions and that their product,
which has been sold since the 1970s, is safe when used as directed. Hundreds
of studies over the past 35 years have addressed the safety of glyphosate.
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- "Roundup has one of the most extensive human health
safety and environmental data packages of any pesticide that's out there,"
said Monsanto spokesman John Combest. "It's used in public parks,
it's used to protect schools. There's been a great deal of study on Roundup,
and we're very proud of its performance."
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- The EPA considers glyphosate to have low toxicity when
used at the recommended doses.
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- "Risk estimates for glyphosate were well below the
level of concern," said EPA spokesman Dale Kemery. The EPA classifies
glyphosate as a Group E chemical, which means there is strong evidence
that it does not cause cancer in humans.
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- In addition, the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture
both recognize POEA as an inert ingredient. Derived from animal fat, POEA
is allowed in products certified organic by the USDA. The EPA has concluded
that it is not dangerous to public health or the environment.
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- The French team, led by Gilles-Eric Seralini, a University
of Caen molecular biologist, said its results highlight the need for health
agencies to reconsider the safety of Roundup.
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- "The authorizations for using these Roundup herbicides
must now clearly be revised since their toxic effects depend on, and are
multiplied by, other compounds used in the mixtures," Seralini's team
wrote.
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- Controversy about the safety of the weed killer recently
erupted in Argentina, one of the world's largest exporters of soy.
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- Last month, an environmental group petitioned Argentina's
Supreme Court, seeking a temporary ban on glyphosate use after an Argentine
scientist and local activists reported a high incidence of birth defects
and cancers in people living near crop-spraying areas. Scientists there
also linked genetic malformations in amphibians to glysophate. In addition,
last year in Sweden, a scientific team found that exposure is a risk factor
for people developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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- Inert ingredients are often less scrutinized than active
pest-killing ingredients. Since specific herbicide formulations are protected
as trade secrets, manufacturers aren't required to publicly disclose them.
Although Monsanto is the largest manufacturer of glyphosate-based herbicides,
several other manufacturers sell similar herbicides with different inert
ingredients.
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- The term "inert ingredient" is often misleading,
according to Caroline Cox, research director of the Center for Environmental
Health, an Oakland-based environmental organization. Federal law classifies
all pesticide ingredients that don't harm pests as "inert," she
said. Inert compounds, therefore, aren't necessarily biologically or toxicologically
harmless they simply don't kill insects or weeds.
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- Kemery said the EPA takes into account the inert ingredients
and how the product is used, whenever a pesticide is approved for use.
The aim, he said, is to ensure that "if the product is used according
to labeled directions, both people's health and the environment will not
be harmed." One label requirement for Roundup is that it should not
be used in or near freshwater to protect amphibians and other wildlife.
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- But some inert ingredients have been found to potentially
affect human health. Many amplify the effects of active ingredients by
helping them penetrate clothing, protective equipment and cell membranes,
or by increasing their toxicity. For example, a Croatian team recently
found that an herbicide formulation containing atrazine caused DNA damage,
which can lead to cancer, while atrazine alone did not.
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- POEA was recognized as a common inert ingredient in herbicides
in the 1980s, when researchers linked it to a group of poisonings in Japan.
Doctors there examined patients who drank Roundup, either intentionally
or accidentally, and determined that their sicknesses and deaths were due
to POEA, not glyphosate.
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- POEA is a surfactant, or detergent, derived from animal
fat. It is added to Roundup and other herbicides to help them penetrate
plants' surfaces, making the weed killer more effective.
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- "POEA helps glyphosate interact with the surfaces
of plant cells," explained Negin Martin, a scientist at the National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in North Carolina, who was not
involved in the study. POEA lowers water's surface tension--the property
that makes water form droplets on most surfaces--which helps glyphosate
disperse and penetrate the waxy surface of a plant.
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- In the French study, researchers tested four different
Roundup formulations, all containing POEA and glyphosate at concentrations
below the recommended lawn and agricultural dose. They also tested POEA
and glyphosate separately to determine which caused more damage to embryonic,
placental and umbilical cord cells.
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- Glyphosate, POEA and all four Roundup formulations damaged
all three cell types. Umbilical cord cells were especially sensitive to
POEA. Glyphosate became more harmful when combined with POEA, and POEA
alone was more deadly to cells than glyphosate. The research appears in
the January issue of the journal Chemical Research in Toxicology.
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- By using embryonic and placental cell lines, which multiply
and respond to chemicals rapidly, and fresh umbilical cord cells, Seralini's
team was able to determine how the chemicals combine to damage cells.
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- The two ingredients work together to "limit breathing
of the cells, stress them and drive them towards a suicide," Seralini
said.
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- The research was funded in part by France's Committee
for Research and Independent Information on Genetic Engineering, a scientific
committee that investigates risks associated with genetically modified
organisms. One of Roundup's primary uses is on crops that are genetically
engineered to be resistant to glyphosate.
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- Monsanto scientists argue that cells in Seralini's study
were exposed to unnaturally high levels of the chemicals. "It's very
unlike anything you'd see in real-world exposure. People's cells are not
bathed in these things," said Donna Farmer, another toxicologist at
Monsanto.
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- Seralini's team, however, did study multiple concentrations
of Roundup. These ranged from the typical agricultural or lawn dose down
to concentrations 100,000 times more dilute than the products sold on shelves.
The researchers saw cell damage at all concentrations.
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- Monsanto scientists also question the French team's use
of laboratory cell lines.
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- "These are just not very good models of a whole
organism, like a human being," said Dan Goldstein, a toxicologist
with Monsanto.
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- Goldstein said humans have protective mechanisms that
resist substances in the environment, such as skin and the lining of the
gastrointestinal tract, which constantly renew themselves. "Those
phenomena just don't happen with isolated cells in a Petri dish."
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- But Cox, who studies pesticides and their inert ingredients
at the Oakland environmental group, says lab experiments like these are
important in determining whether a chemical is safe.
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- "We would never consider it ethical to test these
products on people, so we're obliged to look at their effects on other
species and in other systems," she said. "There's really no way
around that."
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- Seralini said the cells used in the study are widely
accepted in toxicology as good models for studying the toxicity of chemicals.
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- "The fact is that 90 percent of labs studying mechanisms
of toxicity or physiology use cell lines," he said.
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- Most research has examined glyphosate alone, rather than
combined with Roundup's inert ingredients. Researchers who have studied
Roundup formulations have drawn conclusions similar to the Seralini group's.
For example, in 2005, University of Pittsburg ecologists added Roundup
at the manufacturer's recommended dose to ponds filled with frog and toad
tadpoles. When they returned two weeks later, they found that 50 to 100
percent of the populations of several species of tadpoles had been killed.
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- A group of over 250 environmental, health and labor organizations
has petitioned the EPA to change requirements for identifying pesticides'
inert ingredients. The agency's decision is due this fall.
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- "It would be a big step for the agency to take,"
said Cox. "But it's one they definitely should."
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- The groups claim that the laws allowing manufacturers
to keep inert ingredients secret from competitors are essentially unnecessary.
Companies can determine a competitor's inert ingredients through routine
lab analyses, said Cox.
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- "The proprietary protection laws really only keep
information from the public," she said.
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