- The United States government and military have engaged
in wars that have resulted in the occupation of former belligerentson numerous
past occasions, including the Spanish-American War, WWI, WWII, the Korean
War and most recently the Gulf War and the War in Iraq. What is interesting
about this inevitable consequence of defeat is that often the American
public is misled about the occupation, its goals, direction and purpose.
This paper will delve into a comparative generalization between the American
occupation of Post War Germany and its present occupation of Iraq.
-
- The crimes the U.S. Military has been accussed of committing
in Iraq are not without precedent. In most cases, the United States Military
was first accused of eerily simial atrocities against German POWs and civilains
in post-War Germany.
-
- The United States government and military have engaged
in wars that have resulted in the occupation of former belligerents on
numerous past occasions, including the Spanish-American War, WWI, WWII,
the Korean War and most recently the Gulf War and the War in Iraq(). What
is interesting about this inevitable consequence of defeat is that often
the American public is misled about the occupation, its goals, direction
and purpose. This paper will delve into a comparative generalization between
the American occupation of Post War Germany and its present occupation
of Iraq.
-
- The crimes the U.S. Military has been accussed of committing
in Iraq are not without precedent. In most cases, the United States Military
was first accused of eerily simial atrocities against German POWs and civilains
in post-War Germany.
-
- Today, the United States government and its military
have developed an extremely bad reputation internationally. Very often,
the stories told by the American government through the western media in
respect to the occupation in Iraq are quickly proven to be inaccurate.
So inaccurate in fact, that they can only be appropriately termed lies.
When the lies themselves become blatantly apparent, most often as the result
of an independent media investigation and/or by bloggers on the Internet,
the stories these lies initially sought to cover-up are then ignored, dropped,
or distorted by further exaggeration.
-
- Few people today are completely unaware of the duplicity
associated with the War in Iraq and the subsequent occupation of the Iraqi
nation. What most people may be unaware of however is that lying to the
American people is something the United States government has become quite
proficient at, especially as it relates to the occupation of former belligerents,
the government has I fact been practicing such deception for generations.
The United States government has in the past exploited its presence in
the nations it has defeated to cover up crimes that it has itself committed,
both during the war and during the latter occupation itself. These crimes
vary from intentionally causing the deaths of "at least 800,000"
German POWs, by way of "exposure, unsanitary conditions, disease and
starvation," to machine gunning captured and helpless German Prisoners
of War, to fabricating, falsifying and omitting diary entries of the former
Nazi leadership in order to cover-up horrendous acts committed by the Anglo-Allies
during the Italian Campaign in 1943.
-
- The fact is that the today American government is quickly
losing credibility on the International stage and a great deal of this
has to do with its past behavior in respect to the commission of war crimes,
crimes against humanity and its subsequent efforts to conceal these facts.
Today the United States government strands accused of subjecting human
beings to torture, something the United States has condemned in the past;
as have other civilized nations. Today the United States Military stands
accused of committing atrocities in Iraq, something it vociferously denies,
but the evidence weighs heavily against this disclaimer. Today the United
States Military stands accused of employing poison gas against Iraqi insurgents
and civilians, something it has self-righteously accused the former Iraqi
regime of committing against its own in the 1980s.
-
- The possibility exists that this accusation that of using
poison gas in Iraq, is nothing more than false propaganda, but the notion
that the United States military's might use toxic agents against human
beings, despite its violation of the Geneva Gas Protocols isn't without
precedent.
-
- When Peter Arnett was fired from CNN for spreading an
allegedly unsubstantiated story that the United States military had intentionally
used nerve agent in Laos during the Vietnam War, many Americans accepted
the fact that it was untrue, rather than consider that Arnett's story might
have some merit. Arnett interviewed Admiral Thomas Moorer U.S.N. (ret),
and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, for the story and he
verified the story and stated further that he felt the use of poison gas
was justified under the conditions it was used. When asked if nerve agent
had been used during the Vietnam War, Melvin Laird the Secretary of Defense
at the time stated that he was not aware of it, but would not dispute what
Moorer had to say on the matter. This may appear a strange comment coming
from Moorer's civilian boss, but the fact of that matter was, Laird was
excluded from much of what the Nixon-Kissinger White House did during his
tenure, and Moorer was not. Rather than deny the allegations outright,
former National Security Adviser, Henry Kissinger had no comment whatsoever.
Unfortunately for Arnett, Moorer eventually retracted his statement, and
CNN fired Arnett for distorting the story.
-
- What is possibly the most important issue here is not
so much what Americans believe to be true, but what people from other nations
believe to be accurate. Unknown to most Americans, the U.S. military has
been accused of using chemical and biological agents against its enemies
in the past. Both North Korea and China accused the U.S. military of engaging
in biological warfare during the Korean War. The use of the herbicide Agent
Orange during the Vietnam War cannot conceivably be considered anything
else but the implementation of a chemical agent during wartime. The U.S.
military may not have been aware of the carcinogenic nature of Agent Orange
in the 1960s and early 1970s, but the fact of the matter was that it poisoned
hundreds of thousands of human beings, including a considerable number
of U.S. servicemen. Americans may believe that these accusations were either
unsubstantiated and therefore untrue, or as in the case of Agent Orange,
accidental, but other nations do not necessarily take the same position.
-
-
- Of course Admiral Thomas Moorer is arguably the best
source one could possibly ask for in respect to such information, after
all he was the highest ranking Military officer in the United States at
the time the nerve agent was allegedly used in Laos. As noted above, the
United States did deploy gas munitions to the European Theatre of Operations
during the Second World War, which culminated in at least one serious accident
that the United States government lied about and attempted to conceal from
the American public.
-
- The hypocrisy associated with the United States government
isn't confined to World War Two and the Vietnam era, it continues to this
day. Torture violates International law, yet the United States government
is engaged in it in Iraq and is busily manipulating the law in order to
absolve itself of guilt, something it has done before and presumably will
continue to do.
-
- According to a former S.S. judge-advocate name Konrad
Morgan, he had been pressured to testify at the Nuremberg Military Tribunal
that Ilse Koch had tanned human skin and turned it into lampshades, something
Morgan later called a legend and totally untrue. When he refused to lie
on the stand, "The Americans almost killed me They threatened three
times to turn me over to the Russians or French or Poles." The notorious
S.S. Obersturmbannfuhrer Rudolf Hoess, first of three commandants of Auschwitz
was likewise subjected to torture. According to Hoess, "At my first
interrogation, evidence was obtained by beating me. I do not know what
is in the record, although I signed it Alcohol and the whip were too much
for me." Hoess was a mass murderer, of that there is no doubt, but
for some inexplicable reason Hoess confessed to gassing two million persons
between June 1941 and the end of 1943, when today the memorial plaque at
Auschwitz enumerates a total of 1.5 million murdered, which deviates from
Hoess' confession by a substantial number, not to mention the fact that
many more people were thought to have been gassed and murdered after 1943
and before the camp was liberated by the Soviets in January 1945. The point
of bringing this to light isn't to exonerate Hoess or to question the numbers
murdered at Auschwitz, only to emphasize the likelihood that he was in
fact tortured and moreover, tortured by American military personnel.
-
- Morgan and Hoess weren't the only Nazi officials that
claimed to have been tortured, many of the defendants at Nuremberg claimed
as much, including Julius Streicher, who stated, he had been repeatedly
kicked in the genitals, forced to drink water from a urinal, and forced
to open his mouth so that an American soldier could spit into it. Hans
Frank too, the former governor of occupied Poland was beaten upon capture,
despite having turned himself in to the Americans along with his highly
incriminating diaries. In many cases the prisoners at Nuremberg were placed
under considerable psychological stress after their families were apprehended
by the Allies, in an effort to compel the prisoners to confess to crimes
real or imagined.
-
- Much of the above information in respect to the torture
of former German civilian and military leaders was obtained from the writings
of David Irving, a rather tainted historian who has in the past been accused
of harboring National Socialist sympathies and allowing this bias to affect
his historiography. Without a doubt Irving harbors an unconventional and
even socially unacceptable view of history as it relates to the Third Reich
and the Second World War, however because of this, students of history
are afforded the unique opportunity of seeing certain events through the
eyes of a historical nonconformist, which can be extremely revealing.
-
- As far as bias itself is concerned, all historians are
subject to it to a certain extent, and it cannot help but taint their subsequent
research and writing. Bertrand Russell, a liberal labor activist and Winston
Churchill had diametrically opposed perspectives on history as it related
to the Second World War, yet both men are considered excellent historians
in their own right. Churchill's voluminous contributions to history in
respect to his wartime memoirs are considered by many to be the most revealing
sources associated with WWII, yet Churchill himself openly advocated deceptive
policies, including outright lies, and is more responsible for the purging
of incriminating British documents in the post war period than anyone else
in recent memory. Bearing the above in mind when critiquing and/or condemning
David Irving, the careful student of history should consider that like
it or not, Irving is considered by many to be one of the foremost experts
on the Nazi hierarchy and possibly the world's greatest expert on the former
Nazi Propaganda Minister Dr. Joseph Goebbels. Of course Irving's writing
should be critically examined, just as anyone else's should, but if one
wants to truly develop an objective opinion on the Second World War, one
that encompasses a broad view and therefore understanding, Irving's writing
must be included in one's research library.
-
- The defendants at Nuremberg were guilty of innumerable
crimes, including mass murder, slavery, conspiracy, corruption, theft,
of this there is no doubt. However, this didn't stop the American prosecution
team from engaging in extremely unethical behavior, including coercing
confessions from the prisoners, leading them to believe that certain conversations
would be kept in confidence when they weren't, utilizing psychologists
to probe the minds of the prisoners in such a way as to provide the prosecution
with a strategy to demoralize them individually and as a group. In short
the actual prosecution of these men was a shameful example of American
jurisprudence at work. This is not to say that these men were innocent,
they weren't, but in hindsight, the Nuremberg Military Tribunal appears
to have been somewhat of a farce, a show trial in which the verdict was
known the moment the Germans capitulated.
-
- Several Nazis equally guilty in many respects as those
later convicted and hanged were not charged with certain crimes, but were
in fact treated with tenterhooks by the Americans. These two were Grand
Admiral Erich Raeder and Admiral Karl Doenitz, the latter being the heir
to the throne of the Third Reich after Hitler's suicide. Both men were
initially charged with Crimes Against Humanity along with many of the other
Nuremberg defendants but were acquitted of these more serious crimes after
the British and Americans had determined that although both had committed
Crimes against Humanity in respect to unrestricted submarine warfare, so
had the Americans and therefore it might prove embarrassing to have this
uncomfortable fact brought to light in a public trial monitored by millions
of radio listeners around the world. Francis Biddle, one of the judges
at Nuremberg even went so far as to say in respect to Germany's record
of war crimes on the high seas that "Germany" had "waged
a much cleaner war than we did," meaning the United States Navy.
-
- Much of these facts remain unknown to many people, not
just Americans. In respect to conspiracy, the United States has outdone
itself in the fabrication of history. Its efforts to conceal what happened
at Bari, Italy in December of 1943 when the American merchant ship, the
USS John Harvey blew up gassing much of the Italian city with its toxic
cargo, has been highly successful and remains unknown to most Italian citizens
to this day, despite the fact that it happened in their own country.
-
- In respect to crimes against humanity, there is no doubt
whatsoever that the United States government and military conspired in
various ways to starve millions of Germans immediately following Germany's
capitulation. This may come as a shock to the reader, but documentary evidence
leaves no other possible conclusion. James Bacque, the author of the book
Other Losses, has exposed irrefutable evidence that the United States Army
under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower intentionally enacted
policies that led directly to the deaths of at least 800,000 German POWs
after the end of the Second World War. Denigrated by critics for not having
training in historiography or document analysis, Bacque nonetheless proves
he possesses a considerable amount of aptitude in both areas, with the
publication of Other Losses. Bacque relies almost exclusively on primary
documentation, from such sources as The International Red Cross, U.S. Military
archives, British and Canadian archives and a good bit of eyewitness testimony.
Despite his critics, Bacque reveals that hundreds of thousands of Germans
were systematically starved, and subjected to the effects of exposure,
disease, and neglect. The reason Bacque is of extreme importance today
is that once again the United States military is being accused of committing
atrocities in an occupied country, and the military appears to be predictably
falling back on the very same techniques it used in post war Germany in
order to cover these facts up. Today very few serious people would argue
the fact that the American media isn't keeping the American people informed
about what is happening in Iraq, except perhaps in the most superficial
manner.
-
- Today, it is a well-established fact that American troops
have committed acts of torture at Abu Ghraib, an American prison in Iraq.
The photographs of acts that cannot be described as anything other than
torture have been splashed across the screen of world consciousness for
many months as of April 2005. What isn't so well known is whether high-ranking
United States military officials sanctioned these illegal acts. At this
juncture, the Army and civilian government have denied any knowledge that
the acts were being committed. There is a tremendous amount of international
and domestic skepticism in respect to this claim, however this isn't being
brought out into the light of day, it is being stifled by the mainstream
news media. This isn't a new phenomenon, according to Bacque the very same
technique was applied in post war Germany in respect to hiding the number
of German POWs that had died in American captivity over a relatively short
period of time.
-
- Bacque opined, "Once the half-dead men were discharged,
however conflict between eyewitnesses and propaganda arose. The evidence
of the witnesses lost credibility as it was repeated by word of mouth alone.
It had the status of doubtful rumor from resentful individuals, lacking
the authority of print." The author was absolutely correct in identifying
this very significant fact as perhaps the most important ingredient in
the future fabrication of history, a history that would conveniently lay
the responsibility of these men's deaths on the Soviet Union, a fait accompli
that escaped the notice of journalists and historians for decades. According
to the Bacque, "Inside Germany, Eisenhower or his deputies ran everything,
so censorship was much easier to maintain. Newspapers, radio stations,
book publishers, even movie theaters had to have licenses to operate in
the U.S. zone. For a long time they had no freedom, but much free propaganda."
Control over these information outlets was essential, it was only through
these means that the occupational forces could create the kind of atmosphere
described by Bacque:
-
- In Germany after 1945, there were millions of biographies;
there was no history. When the nation was cut in four, its history was
fragmented by the political divisions, censorship, coverup and fear of
criticizing the USA and France. No intelligent public opinion was formed
on the subject [Of German POWs] because no expression of it was allowed.
The occupation of Germany resulted in an occupied mentality, which attempted
to subject reason to unreasoning discipline.
-
-
- Millions of Germans wondered what had happened to their
loved ones, and it was during the Cold War that the Americans and French
figured out a way in which to rid themselves of the burden of their responsibility
by dumping it on the Russians. Through a bit of creative paper shuffling,
propaganda and deceit, the Americans conveniently blamed the Russians,
sating that it was they who had taken these German soldiers prisoner and
thus in the words of Arthur Smith, author of the book Heinkehr aus dem
Zweiten Weltkrieg, "The mystery about the location of Germany's POWs
ceased to be." Dr. Joseph Goebbels' the infamous Nazi Reichsminister
of Propaganda and Enlightenment, was himself quite impressed with Anglo-American
propaganda efforts, perhaps even somewhat envious, saying once, "When
I think what the English are reporting in the way of news from the areas
occupied by us and compare with it how little we do to meet it, I am all
the more anxious to do something in a big way."
-
- What is important here is that one understands the power
of the press, of mass communication. The United States military dominates
and controls the news media in Iraq, dictating to the media whom it may
and whom it may not include as reporters representing their various media
corporations. In effect, this means that the U.S. military decides who
reports what. If an independent journalist should discover something and
worse attempt to disseminate it, there may well be consequences as suggested
by a "companion of freed Italian journalist Giuliana Sgrena, who was
released from the clutches of Iraqi militants on March 4, 2004 only to
be shot at by U.S. military troops, an act said to be "deliberate."
According to an interview Pier Scolari, a friend of Sgrena's, "The
Americans knew she was coming," he said, "Giuliana had information,
and the US military did not want her to survive." Whether or not there
was any merit to this claim or not remains to be seen, her companion Pier
Scolari seemed to believe so and the story hit the Internet almost immediately.
The Internet is a medium that the United States military has never had
to contend with in respect to an occupation in the past, it remains to
be seen how exactly they will deal with it.
-
- Despite Bacque's lack of credentials, Other Losses is
an excellent book that emphasizes a point rarely discussed among historians
and that is the psychological phenomenon of "selective distortion,"
well understood in advertising circles. "This phenomenon can occur
in two primary ways. If an individual wants to believe something is not
true, then even in the face of an overwhelming amount of information disputing
their original contention, they will still reject what they do not want
to believe. Likewise, this can happen in the same manner with an individual
that wants to believe something is in fact true, no matter the amount of
material refuting that belief." The imperative ingredient in creating
this "selective distortion" is of course early access to the
target, the individual, and the way this is generally achieved is through
the indoctrination processes offered by the media.
-
- In order for this to succeed however, the target must
not be exposed to contradictory stimuli, at least not initially. Once the
phenomenon has congealed however, those so exposed to it will inevitably
develop what is known as "brand loyalty," which is another advertising
term relevant here because the "traditional macroeconomic view of
advertising 'holds that the main purpose of advertising is to manipulate
or persuade'"
-
- What Bacque brings to light in Other Losses, is that
the United States military committed atrocities on a large scale in Post
War Germany and utilized its monopoly of the German press to conceal that
fact. Of that there is no doubt today. These atrocities included the exact
same murderous outcome that the United States government was prosecuting
Nazi war criminals for, at exactly the same time they were being subjected
to the judgment of the Allies in Nuremberg. Bacque describes how the United
States government "created" the illusion of a "World Food
Shortage," in concert with the American and German media, despite
the fact that agricultural output in the United States and Canada had exceeded
expectations and was at an all time high. This was done intentionally in
order to excuse the fact that the United States was depriving the German
population of foodstuffs, specifically wheat. Bacque never comes directly
out and says why he suspects this was the case other than to suggest vengeance
on the part of high-ranking U.S. Military officials including Eisenhower,
whom "hated Germans because the German is a beast," according
to a letter he wrote home to his wife in September 1944. In order to subvert
the spirit of the Geneva Convention and the protection it afforded prisoners
of war, Eisenhower changed the status of German POWs immediately after
Germany surrendered to that of "disarmed enemy forces" [DEF],
which conveniently placed them outside of the protection of the Convention
as well as the monitoring of the Red Cross.
-
- This too has been done today in respect to Iraqi prisoners
as well as anyone deemed to be an international terrorist. The Iraqi prisoners
are no longer considered POWs since Iraq capitulated in 2003 and they,
along with any "international terrorists," are instead referred
to as "battlefield detainees," for exactly the same reason that
German POWs were forced to assume the designation of DEF's, so that the
Geneva Convention's protection wouldn't include them, nor would the Red
Cross or Red Crescent be allowed to examine the conditions under which
they are/were being held. Of course the United States military has been
accused of committing crimes against these prisoners to include rape, torture,
beatings, humiliation and murder, but there is no way to substantiate these
claims at this time as the military won't allow inspections to be conducted
by independent organizations. Bacque provides precedent in the sense that
he provides the reader with irrefutable evidence that the military did
exactly the same thing sixty years ago, the question is, what exactly is
going on at Guantanamo Bay and other military facilities in which these
people are being held today? After reading Other Losses one no longer has
the luxury of the uninformed, it is quite clear what the U.S. military
did in post war Germany and the same thing could just as easily be happening
in these "detainee" camps today.
-
- How would the military go about covering up these crimes?
Simple they fabricate history and go after young Iraqi's as early
as possible, preferably right in the classroom, just as they did in Germany
sixty years ago. Jonathon Zimmerman, an instructor of history at New York
University and contributor to the Washington Post had this to say:
-
- Here's a quick quiz from an Iraqi elementary-school textbook
of the not-too-recent past: What do you get when you add three rocket-propelled
grenades and four Kalashnikov rifles? If you guessed simply "seven
weapons," you're wrong. The correct answer, of course, is "seven
ways to kill the infidel enemy." Millions of children imbibed such
propaganda in Saddam Hussein's Iraq. Textbooks often bore a colorful picture
of Hussein on the first page, smiling in his crisp battle fatigues. Inside,
students encountered passages comparing him to the famous Arab warrior
Saladin or to Nebuchadnezzar, the legendary Babylonian king Propaganda
afflicted every subject of study, including math and science. But it was
sharpest in history and civics textbooks When schools officially reopen
in the fall, Iraq will need an entirely new set of textbooks. And that's
where Creative Associates International comes in. The Washington-based
firm has received a $62.5 million contract from the U.S. Agency for International
Development to overhaul the Iraqi school system. Part of the job involves
preparing a new set of "de-Baathified" textbooks, purging passages
that fawn over Hussein and his Baath Party.
-
- It is highly unlikely that any Iraqi textbook actually
stated what Zimmerman suggests above, Iraq was a highly secular nation
under Saddam Hussein and probably would have avoided the term "infidel,"
at least in the context Zimmerman implies. The history instructor from
New York University however neglects to provide us with a source, so we
can't know for certain. What is certain though is that de-Baathafied textbooks
means essentially the same thing as "de-Nazified," a change in
the curriculum that will favor the occupying power, the United States of
America. On can be sure than anything eluding to American war crimes will
be absent from the final product, a product produced by the corporation
Creative Associates International, a fitting name to be sure.
-
- In the end, one must conclude that the United States
government's record is anything but illustrious and that present skepticism
in regards to what is happening in Iraq is well founded. The Internet has
taken on a life of its own; the mainstream media is losing its base as
people flock instead to the Internet blogs. The mainstream media will do
all that it can to discredit the Internet for being unregulated and uncensored,
but it was the regulation and censorship engaged in by the mainstream media
that has instead discredited it. The winds of change are truly blowing
and short of massive censorship of the Internet it is unlikely that the
western powers will forever be able to maintain their own subjective views
of history.
-
- FOOTNOTES
-
- This statement relates specifically to the fact that
the American people were led to believe that Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi
nation were in possession of "Weapons of Mass Destruction," had
ties to Al Qaeda, and were likely involved in some manner with the terrorist
attack on September 11, 2001. Subsequent investigations have not proved
any of the above.
-
-
- Bacque, James. Other Losses. Stoddart. 1989 Pg 2.
- See photo and associated story. Index I.
-
-
- An American liberty ship christened the USS John Harvey
blew up in the harbor of the Italian city of Bari, releasing some 100 tons
of mustard gas it had surreptitiously transported to the ETO into the harbor
and surrounding atmosphere. More than 80 allied personnel died and uncounted
numbers of Italian civilians. Joseph Goebbels' noted this fact as well
as the fact that the associated Luftwaffe attack led to the sinking of
some 17 Allied ships, a devastating loss to the Americans, second in severity
only to Pearl Harbor, and unreported to the American people. On at least
three occasions, these revealing entries were excised from the published
version of Goebbels' diaries released in 1948 and the facts associated
with Bari weren't exposed until almost three decades later. Maynard, Curtis.
Bari Revisited: Remaining unanswered questions Related to the German Air
Raid at Bari. Texas A&M University-Kingsville. 2003.
-
-
- March 2, 2005 - Dr Khalid ash-Shaykhli, a representative
of the Iraqi Ministry of Health who was authorized to assess health conditions
in al-Fallujah after the end of the major battles there, announced that
the surveys and studies which a medical team did in al-Fallujah and subsequently
reported to the Ministry confirm that US forces used substances that are
internationally prohibited -- including mustard gas, nerve gas, and other
burning chemicals -- in the course of its attacks on the city. Mafkarat
Al-Islam, Uruknet.Info. Site accessed on March 5, 2005.
-
-
- TIME Magazine, June 15 1998. Vol. 151. No. 23.
- The Nixon White House excluded both Secretary of State
Rogers and Secretary of Defense Laird from much of its policy. This is
a continuing theme throughout Seymour Hersh's revealing expose of the Nixon
administration. Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power. (New York: Summit Books,
1983).
- Maynard, Curtis. Bari Revisited: Remaining unanswered
questions Related to the German Air Raid at Bari. Texas A&M University-Kingsville.
2003.
-
- Irving, David. Nuremberg The Last Battle. Focal Point
Publications. 1996, pg 149 150. Quoted by John Toland from an interview
with Konrad Morgan, October 25, 1971. This paper will not attempt to tread
on the toxic ground of whether or not Koch did use human skin to have lampshades
made, only that Konrad Morgan denied it.
-
-
- Irving, David. Nuremberg The Last Battle. Focal Point
Publications. 1996, pg 241.
-
-
- Irving, David. Nuremberg The Last Battle. Focal Point
Publications. 1996, pg 242.
-
-
- A photo of the current memorial plaque can be seen at
this link. It should be noted here as well that prior to 1990 the Auschwitz
memorial plaque listed "4 million" victims at Auschwitz, this
was changed in 1990 and now states "1.5 million." A photo of
the older plaque can be viewed at this link.
-
-
- Irving, David. Nuremberg The Last Battle. Focal Point
Publications. 1996. Pg. 50. Taken from the manuscript of Julius Streicher,
June 16, 1945.
-
-
- Butler, Rupert. Legions of Death: The Nazi Enslavement
of Europe. Pen & Sword. London. 1983. Pg 238. The diary was subsequently
used to incriminate and convict Frank for crimes against humanity.
-
-
- Irving, David. Nuremberg The Last Battle. Focal Point
Publications. 1996.
-
-
- Churchill is well known for having said, "In wartime
the truth is so precious that it must always be carefully guarded by a
bodyguard of lies." While investigating the accidental mustard gas
release at Bari Italy in 1943, this author encountered much deception on
the part of Churchill including orders that expressly forbid any mention
of any form of "poison gas" present at Bari as well as orders
from the former PM insisting that certain documents in British Archives
be destroyed.
-
-
- Reasons for this conclusion include the fact that Irving
has a strong command of the German language as it was used during the Second
World War, is recognized the world over for being able to read Goebbel's
unique and difficult to decipher handwriting, and possibly most importantly,
has an unparalleled ability to access the memoirs of former German military
and civilian leaders through their families because of his "sympathetic"
views. It must be said here that Irving was found to be a "neo-Nazi,"
and "distorter" of history in a libel trial he lost to an American
historian and "Holocaust expert," named Deborah Lipstadt in the
1990s.
-
-
- Gilbert, G.M. Nuremberg Diary. Da Capo Press. 1995.
-
-
- Raeder was sentenced to life in prison and Doenitz was
given ten years. Both men were released from prison in the mid 1950s.
-
-
- Irving, David. Nuremberg The Last Battle. Focal Point
Publications. 1996. Pg 259.
-
-
- This fact was ascertained through corresponding with
an eighty-year old gentlemen by the name of Alfio Faro, currently living
in Rome, who lived in Italy during the time Bari was attacked and the gas
released. He was absolutely stunned to read about the incident in my history
thesis. Faro, Alfio, in a letter to this author August 2004. It should
be stated here that without the complicity of the Italian government this
fact wouldn't be possible.
- Bacque, James. Other Losses. Stoddart. 1989 Pg 145-146.
-
- Bacque, James. Other Losses. Stoddart. 1989 Pg 147-148.
- Bacque, James. Other Losses. Stoddart. 1989 Pg 150.
- Bacque, James. Other Losses. Stoddart. 1989. Pg 154.
-
- Joseph Goebbels, Goebbels Diaries. Edited by Louis Lochner.
New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1948. Pg. 485.
- AFP (French Press) article posted by the Turkish Press.
Accessed on March 5, 2005. Sgrena herself later came out of the hospital
accusing the United States government of intentionally trying to kill her
in order to silence evidence provided by her implicating the US Military
in war crimes. Whether true or not, the Italian public appears to believe
her, and not the official US or Italian version, which may or may not have
something to do with the current weakening of the Berlusconi regime
a government that is on the verge of collapse as of this writing.
-
- Maynard, Curtis. A Study Focusing on the Formation of
Opinion, and the Knowledge Associated with its Development. Psychology
Thesis. Texas A&M Kingsville, 2002. Pg 38. Futrell, C. Fundamentals
of Selling. Boston. Irwin-McGraw-Hill. 1999.
- Maynard, Curtis. A Study Focusing on the Formation of
Opinion, and the Knowledge Associated with its Development. Psychology
Thesis. Texas A&M Kingsville, 2002. Pg 39. McConnel, R. C., & Brue,
L. S. (1996). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies 13th Edition.
New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
-
- Bacque, James. Other Losses. Stoddart. 1989 Pg 23.
- Bacque, James. Other Losses. Stoddart. 1989 Pg 64.
-
-
- This process was known as de-Nazification and included
the publication of school textbooks free of Nazi propaganda but full of
American propaganda.
- Zimmerman, Jonathon, "Iraq's Textbooks and
Ours." Washington Post. June 13, 2003, Pg B07. Accessed on March 6,
2005.
-
- http://pcapostate.blogspot.com/2007/04/setting-precedent-history-of-us.html
|
