- In 1999 the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) released
a glowing report on the fluoridation of public water supplies, citing the
procedure as one of the century's great public health successes.1
-
- Ironically, the same report hints that the alleged benefit
from fluorides may not be due to ingestion: "Fluoride's caries-preventive
properties initially were attributed to changes in enamel during tooth
development because of the association between fluoride and cosmetic changes
in enamel and a belief that fluoride incorporated into enamel during tooth
development would result in a more acid-resistant mineral."
-
- The CDC report then acknowledges new studies which indicate
that the effects are "topical" rather than "systemic."
"However, laboratory and epidemiologic research suggests that fluoride
prevents dental caries predominately after eruption of the tooth into the
mouth, and its actions primarily are topical for both adults and children."
-
- The obvious question is this: How can the CDC consider
the addition of fluoride to public water supplies to be a public health
success while admitting at the same time that fluoride's benefits are not
"systemic," in other words, are not obtained from drinking it?
-
- The truth, now becoming increasingly evident, is that
fluoridation and the proclaimed benefit of fluoride as a way of preventing
dental decay is perhaps the greatest "scientific" fraud ever
perpetrated upon an unsuspecting public.
-
- Even worse, the relentless promotion of fluoride as
a "dental benefit" is responsible for the huge neglect in proper
assessment of its toxicity, an issue that has become a major concern for
many nations. As there is no substance as biochemically active in the human
organism as fluoride, excessive total intake of fluoride compounds might
well be contributing to many diseases currently afflicting mankind, particularly
those involving thyroid dysfunction. In the United States, most citizens
are kept entirely ignorant of any adverse effect that might occur from
exposure to fluorides. Dental fluorosis, the first visible sign that fluoride
poisoning has occurred, is declared a mere "cosmetic effect"
by the dental profession, although the "biochemical events which result
in dental fluorosis are still unknown."2,3,4 The quantity of fluoride
needed to prevent caries but avoid dental fluorosis is also unknown.5
-
- What is Fluoride?
-
- Fluoride is any combination of elements containing the
fluoride ion. In its elemental form, fluorine is a pale yellow, highly
toxic and corrosive gas. In nature, fluorine is found combined with minerals
as fluorides. It is the most chemically active nonmetallic element of all
the elements and also has the most reactive electro-negative ion. Because
of this extreme reactivity, fluorine is never found in nature as an uncombined
element.
-
- Fluorine is a member of group VIIa of the periodic table.
It readily displaces other halogens--such as chlorine, bromine and iodine--from
their mineral salts. With hydrogen it forms hydrogen fluoride gas which,
in a water solution, becomes hydrofluoric acid.
-
- There was no US commercial production of fluorine before
World War II. A requirement for fluorine in the processing of uranium ores,
needed for the atomic bomb, prompted its manufacture.6
-
- Fluorine compounds or fluorides are listed by the US
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) as among the top
20 of 275 substances that pose the most significant threat to human health.7
In Australia, the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) recently considered
400 substances for inclusion on the NPI reporting list. A risk ranking
was given based on health and environmental hazard identification and human
and environmental exposure to the substance. Some substances were grouped
together at the same rank to give a total of 208 ranks. Fluoride compounds
were ranked 27th out of the 208 ranks.8
-
- Fluorides, hydrogen fluoride and fluorine have been
found in at least 130, 19, and 28 sites, respectively, of 1,334 National
Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).9 Consequently, under the provisions of the Superfund Act (CRECLA,
1986), a compilation of information about fluorides, hydrogen fluoride
and fluorine and their effects on health was required. This publication
appeared in 1993.9
-
- Fluorides are cumulative toxins. The fact that fluorides
accumulate in the body is the reason that US law requires the Surgeon General
to set a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for fluoride content in public
water supplies as determined by the EPA. This requirement is specifically
aimed at avoiding a condition known as Crippling Skeletal Fluorosis (CSF),
a disease thought to progress through three stages. The MCL, designed to
prevent only the third and crippling stage of this disease, is set at 4ppm
or 4mg per liter. It is assumed that people will retain half of this amount
(2mg), and therefore 4mg per liter is deemed "safe." Yet a daily
dose of 2-8mg is known to cause the third crippling stage of CSF.10,11
-
- In 1998 EPA scientists, whose job and legal duty it
is to set the Maximum Contaminant Level, declared that this 4ppm level
was set fraudulently by outside forces in a decision that omitted 90 percent
of the data showing the mutagenic properties of fluoride.12
-
- The Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5th
Edition (1984) gives lead a toxicity rating of 3 to 4 (3 = moderately toxic,
4 = very toxic) and the EPA has set 0.015 ppm as the MCL for lead in drinking
water--with a goal of 0.0ppm. The toxicity rating for fluoride is 4, yet
the MCL for fluoride is currently set at 4.0ppm, over 250 times the permissable
level for lead.
-
- Water Fluoridation
-
- In 1939 a dentist named H. Trendley Dean, working for
the U.S. Public Health Service, examined water from 345 communities inTexas.
Dean determined that high concentrations of fluoride in the water in these
areas corresponded to a high incidence of mottled teeth. This explained
why dentists in the area found mottled teeth in so many of their patients.
Dean also claimed that there was a lower incidence of dental cavities in
communities having about 1 ppm fluoride in the water supply. Among the
native residents of these areas about 10 percent developed the very mildest
forms of mottled enamel ("dental fluorosis"), which Dean and
others described as "beautiful white teeth."
-
- Dean's report led to the initiation of artificial fluoridation
of drinking water at 1part-per-million (ppm) in order to supply the "optimal
dose" of 1mg fluoride per day--assuming that drinking four glasses
of water every day would duplicate Dean's "optimal" intake for
most people. Now, according to the American Dental Association, all people,
rich or poor, could have "beautiful white teeth" and be free
of caries at the same time. After all, the benefits of water fluoridation
had been documented "beyond any doubt."13
-
- When other scientists investigated Dean's data, they
did not reach the same conclusions. In fact, Dean had engaged in "selective
use of data," using findings from 21 cities that supported his case
while completely disregarding data from 272 other locations that did not
show a correlation.14 In court cases Dean was forced to admit under oath
that his data were invalid.15 In 1957 he had to admit at AMA hearings that
even waters containing a mere 0.1ppm (0.1 mg/l) could cause dental fluorosis,
the first visible sign of fluoride overdose.16 Moreover, there is not one
single double-blind study to indicate that fluoridation is effective in
reducing cavities.17
-
- So What's the Truth About Tooth Decay?
-
- The truth is that more and more evidence shows that
fluorides and dental fluorosis are actually associated with increased tooth
decay. The most comprehensive US review was carried out by the National
Institute of Dental Research on 39,000 school children aged 5-17 years.18
It showed no significant differences in terms of DMF (decayed, missing
and filled teeth). What it did show was that high decay cities (66.5-87.5
percent) have 9.34 percent more decay in the children who drink fluoridated
water. Furthermore, a 5.4 percent increase in students with decay was observed
when 1 ppm fluoride was added to the water supply. Nine fluoridated cities
with high decay had 10 percent more decay than nine equivalent non-fluoridated
cities.
-
- The world's largest study on dental caries, which looked
at 400,000 students, revealed that decay increased 27 percent with a 1ppm
fluoride increase in drinking water.19 In Japan, fluoridation caused decay
increases of 7 percent in 22,000 students,20 while in the US a decay increase
of 43 percent occured in 29,000 students when 1ppm fluoride was added to
drinking water.21
-
- Dental Fluorosis: A "Cosmetic" Defect?
-
- Dental fluorosis is a condition caused by an excessive
intake of fluorides, characterized mainly by mottling of the enamel (which
starts as "white spots"), although the bones and virtually every
organ might also be affected due to fluoride's known anti-thyroid characteristics.
Dental fluorosis can only occur during the stage of enamel formation and
is therefore a sign that an overdose of fluoride has occurred in a child
during that period.
-
- Dental fluorosis has been described as a subsurface
enamel hypomineralization, with porosity of the tooth positively correlated
with the degree of fluorosis.22 It is characterized by diffuse opacities
and under-mineralized enamel. Although identical enamel defects occur in
cases of thyroid dysfunction, the dental profession describes the defect
as merely "cosmetic" when it is caused by exposure to fluoride.
-
- What is now becoming apparent is that this "cosmetic"
defect actually predisposes to tooth decay. In 1988 Duncan23 stated that
hypoplastic defects have a strong potential to become carious. In 1989,
Silberman,24 evaluating the same data on Head Start children, wrote that
"preliminary data indicate that the presence of primary canine hypoplasia
[enamel defects] may result in an increased potential for the tooth becoming
carious." In 1996 Li 25 wrote that children with enamel hypoplasia
demonstrated a significantly higher caries experience than those who did
not have such defects and, further, that the "presence of enamel hypoplasia
may be a predisposing factor for initiation and progression of dental caries,
and a predictor of high caries susceptibility in a community." In
1996 Ellwood & O'Mullane26 stated that "developmental enamel defects
may be useful markers of caries susceptibility, which should be considered
in the risk-benefit assessment for use of fluoride."
-
- Currently up to 80 percent of US children suffer from
some degree of dental fluorosis, while in Canada the figure is up to 71
percent. A prevalence of 80.9 percent was reported in children 12-14 years
old in Augusta, Georgia, the highest prevalence yet reported in an "optimally"
fluoridated community in the United States. Moderate-to-severe fluorosis
was found in 14 percent of the children.27
-
- Before the push for fluoridation began, the dental profession
recognized that fluorides were not beneficial but detrimental to dental
health. In 1944, the Journal of the American Dental Association reported:
"With 1.6 to 4 ppm fluoride in the water, 50 percent or more past
age 24 have false teeth because of fluoride damage to their own."28
-
- The Wonder Nutrient?
-
- On countless internet sites, fluoride is proclaimed
as the "wonder nutrient," the "deficiency" symptom
being increased dental caries.29 It boggles the mind that a cumulative
toxin and toxic waste product can be described a "nutrient."
Nevertheless, such claims are repeatedly made by pro-fluoridationists.30
-
- On March 16, 1979, the FDA deleted paragraphs 105.3(c)
and 105.85(d)(4) of Federal Register documents which had classified fluorine,
among other substances, as "essential" or "probably essential."
Since that time, nowhere in the Federal Regulations is fluoride classified
as "essential" or "probably essential." These deletions
were the immediate result of 1978 Court deliberations.31 No essential function
for fluoride has ever been proven in humans.32,33,34,35,36
-
- "Nature Thought of It First"
-
- A popular slogan employed by the ADA and other pro-fluoridation
organizations is, "Nature thought of it first!" The slogan creates
the impression that the fluoridation compounds used in water fluoridation
are the same as those discovered many years ago in the water in some areas
of the US.37 The fluoride compound in "naturally" fluoridated
waters is calcium fluoride. Sodium fluoride, a common fluoridation agent,
dissolves easily in water, but calcium fluoride does not.9
-
- Animal studies performed by Kick and others in 1935
revealed that sodium fluoride was much more toxic than calcium fluoride.38
Even worse, toxicity was recorded for hydrofluorosilicic acid, the compound
now used in over 90 percent of fluoridation programs, Hydrofluorosilicic
acid is a direct byproduct of pollution scrubbers used in the phosphate
fertilizer and aluminum industries. Our government adds it to water supplies
even though it is also involved in getting rid of its own stockpile of
fluoride compounds left over from years and years of stockpiling fluorides
for use in the process of refining uranium for nuclear power and weapons.39
-
- In the Kick study, less than 2 percent of calcium fluoride
was absorbed and this was excreted quantitatively in the urine. But even
calcium fluoride is not benign. As the animals given calcium fluoride also
developed mottled teeth, it was clear that such compounds could produce
changes on the teeth merely by passing through the body, and not by being
"stored in a tooth" or anywhere else. No calcium fluoride was
retained.
-
- In 1946 Samuel Chase, one of the authors of the Kick
study, became president of the International Association for Dental Research
(IADR). This organization promoted the idea that only the fluoride ion
in the various fluoridation compounds was of importance. Yet he well knew
that sodium fluoride did not behave like calcium fluoride. Unlike calcium
fluoride, sodium fluoride was retained in great amounts in the body and
was very toxic. Rock phosphate and hydro-fluorosilicic acid experiments
yielded the same information.
-
- New areas with "natural" fluoride are appearing
all over the world, as now all areas not "artificially" fluoridated
are considered "natural." The problem is that this "natural"
fluoride is the result of direct water and soil contamination from petrochemical
land treatment, uncontrolled fertilizer use, pesticide applications, ground
water contamination from industrial waste sites, rocket fuel "burial
grounds," and so forth. Suddenly we have "natural" fluorides
showing up in areas previously deemed "fluoride deficient"!
-
- Total Intake
-
- It is well established that it is TOTAL fluoride intake
from ALL sources which must be considered for any adverse health effect
evaluation.40,41,42 This includes intake by ingestion, inhalation and absorption
through the skin. In 1971, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated:
"In the assessment of the safety of a water supply with respect to
the fluoride concentration, the total daily fluoride intake by the individual
must be considered."41 Exposure to airborne fluorides from many diverse
manufacturing processes--pesticide applications, phosphate fertilizer production,
aluminum smelting, uranium enrichment facilities, coal-burning and nuclear
power plants, incinerators, glass etching, petroleum refining and vehicle
emissions--can be considerable.
-
- In addition, many people consume fluorine-based medications
such as Prozac, which greatly adds to fluoride's anti-thyroid effects.
ALL fluoride compounds--organic and inorganic--have been shown to exert
anti-thyroid effects, often potentiating fluoride effects many fold.43
-
- Household exposures to fluorides can occur with the
use of Teflon pans, fluorine-based products, insecticides sprays and even
residual airborne fluorides from fluoridated drinking water. Decision-makers
at 3M Corporation recently announced a phase-out of Scotchgard products
after discovering that the product's primary ingredient--a fluorinated
compound called perfluorooctanyl sulfonate (PFOS)--was found in all tested
blood bank examinations.44 3M's research showed that the substance had
strong tendencies to persist and bioaccumulate in animal and human tissue.
-
- In 1991 the US Public Health Service issued a report
stating that the range in total daily fluoride intake from water, dental
products, beverages and food items exceeded 6.5 milligrams daily.42 Thus,
the total intake from those sources alone already greatly exceeds the levels
known to cause the third stage of skeletal fluorosis.
-
- Besides fluoridated water and toothpaste, many foods
contain high levels of flouride compounds due to pesticide applications.
One of the worse offenders is grapes.45 Grape juice was found to contain
more than 6.8 ppm fluoride. The EPA estimates total fluoride intake from
pesticide residues on food and fluoridated drinking water alone to be 0.095
mg/kg/day, meaning a person weighing 70 kg takes in more than 6.65 mg per
day.45b Soy infant formula is high in both fluoride and aluminum, far surpassing
the "optimal" dose46,47 and has been shown to be a risk factor
in dental fluorosis.48
-
- Tea
-
- In their drive to fluoridate the public water supplies,
dental health officials continue to pretend that no other sources of fluoride
exist. This notion becomes absurd when one looks at the fluoride content
in tea. Tea is very high in fluoride because tea leaves accumulate more
fluoride (from pollution of soil and air) than any other edible plant.49,50,51
It is well established that fluoride in tea gets absorbed by the body in
a manner similar to the fluoride in drinking water.49,52
-
- Fluoride content in tea has risen dramatically over
the last 20 years due to industry contamination. Recent analyses have revealed
a fluoride content of 17.25 mg per teabag or cup in black tea, and a whopping
22 mg of soluble fluoride ions per teabag or cup in green tea. Aluminum
content was also high--over 8 mg. Normal steeping time is five minutes.
The longer a tea bag steeped, the more fluoride and aluminum were released.
After ten minutes, the measurable amounts of fluoride and aluminum almost
doubled.53
-
- A website by a pro-fluoridation infant medical group
states that a cup of black tea contains 7.8 mgs of fluoride54 which is
the equivalent amount of fluoride from 7.8 litres of water in an area fluoridated
at 1ppm. Some British and African studies from the 1990s showed a daily
fluoride intake of between 5.8 mgs and 9 mgs a day from tea alone.55, 56,
57 Tea has been found to be a primary cause of dental fluorosis in many
international studies.58-70
-
- In Britain, over three-quarters of the population over
the age of ten years consumes three cups of tea per day.71Yet the UK government
and the British Dental Association are currently contemplating fluoridation
of public water supplies! In Ireland, average tea consumption is four cups
per day and the drinking water is heavily fluoridated.
-
- Next to water, tea is the most widely consumed beverage
in the world. Tea can be found in almost 80 percent of all US households
and on any given day, nearly 127 million people--half of all Americans--drink
tea.71
-
- The high content of both aluminum and fluoride in tea
is cause for great concern as aluminum greatly potentiates fluoride's effects
on G protein activation,72 the on/off switches involved in cell communication
and of absolute necessity in thyroid hormone function and regulation.
-
- Fluoride and the Thyroid
-
- The recent re-discovery of hundreds of papers dealing
with the use of fluorides in effective anti-thyroid medication poses many
questions demanding answers.73,74 The enamel defects observed in hypothyroidism
are identical to "dental fluorosis." Endemic fluorosis areas
have been shown to be the same as those affected with iodine deficiency,
considered to be the world's single most important and preventable cause
of mental retardation,75 affecting 740 million people a year. Iodine deficiency
causes brain disorders, cretinism, miscarriages and goiter, among many
other diseases. Synthroid, the drug most commonly prescribed for hypothyroidism,
became the top selling drug in the US in 1999, according to Scott-Levin's
Source Prescription Audit, clearly indicating that hypothyroidism is a
major health problem. Many more millions are thought to have undiagnosed
thyroid problems.
-
- Environment
-
- Every year hundreds and thousands of tons of fluorides
are emitted by industry. Industrial emissions of fluoride compounds produce
elevated concentrations in the atmosphere. Hydrogen fluoride can exist
as a particle, dissolving in clouds, fog, rain, dew, or snow. In clouds
and moist air it will travel along the air currents until it is deposited
as wet acid deposition (acid rain, acid fog, etc.) In waterways it readily
mixes with water.
-
- Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), emitted by the electric power
industry, is now among six greenhouse gases specifically targeted by the
international community, through the Kyoto protocol, for emission reductions
to control global warming. The others are carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), methane and nitrous oxide (N2O).
-
- SF6 is about 23,900 times more destructive, pound for
pound, than carbon dioxide over the course of 100 years. EPA estimates
that some seven-million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE) escaped
from electric power systems in 1996 alone. The concentration of SF6 in
the atmosphere has reportedly increased by two orders of magnitude since
1970. Atmospheric models have indicated that the lifetime of an SF6 molecule
in the atmosphere may be over 3000 years.76
-
- The ever-increasing fluoride levels in food, water and
air pose a great threat to human health and to the environment as evidenced
by the endemic of fluorosis worldwide. It is of utmost urgency that public
health officials cease promoting fluoride as beneficial to our health and
address instead the issue of its toxicity.
-
- About the Author
-
- Andreas Schuld is head of Parents of Fluoride Poisoned
Children (PFPC), an organization of parents whose children have been poisoned
by excessive fluoride intake. The group includes educators, artists, scientists,
journalists and authors, lawyers, researchers and nutritionists. It is
active in worldwide efforts to have the toxicity of fluoride properly assessed.
For further information, visit their website at www.bruha.com/fluoride.
-
- REFERENCES
-
- (All web addresses were visited before Fall, 2000)
-
- 1. CDC: "Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999
- Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries" MMWR 48(41);933-940
(1999), http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm
-
- 2. Gerlach RF, de Souza AP, Cury JA, Line SR - "Fluoride
effect on the activity of enamel matrix proteinases in vitro" Eur
J Oral Sci 108(1):48-53 (2000)
-
- 3. Limeback H - "Enamel formation and the effects
of fluoride" Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 22(3):144-7
-
- 4. Wright JT, Chen SC, Hall KI, Yamauchi M, Bawden JW
- "Protein characterization of fluorosed human enamel." Dent
Res 75(12):1936-41 (1996)
-
- 5. Shulman JD, Lalumandier JA, Grabenstein JD -"The
average daily dose of fluoride: a model based on fluid consumption"
Pediatr Dent 17(1):13-8 (1995)
-
- 6. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition (2000),
http://www.bartleby.com/65/fl/fluorine.html
-
- 7. Phosphoric Acid Waste Dialogue,Report on Phosphoric
Wastes Dialogue Committee, Activities and Recommendations, September 1995;
Southeast Negotiation Network, Prepared by Gregory Borne for EPA stakeholders
review
-
- 8. Government of Australia, National Pollutant Inventory,
http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/npi/contextual_info/context/fluoride.html
-
- 9. ATSDR/USPHS - "Toxicological Profile for Fluorides,
Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorine (F)" CAS# 16984-48-8, 7664-39-3, 7782-41-4
(1993), http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts11.html
-
- 10. Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Subcommittee
on Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Committee on Toxicology, Board
on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National
Research Council, August 1993, p.59
-
- 11. World Health Organization - Fluorides and Human
Health, p. 239 (1970)
-
- 12. Carton RJ, Hirzy JW - "Applying the NAEP code
of ethics to the Environmental Protection Agency and the fluoride in drinking
water standard" Proceedings of the 23rd Ann. Conf. of the National
Association of Environmental Professionals. 20-24 June, 1998. GEN 51-61,
http://rvi.net/fluoride/naep.htm
-
- 13. American Dental Association, http://www.ada.org/consumer/fluoride/facts/benefits.html#2
-
- 14. J.Colquhoun, Chief Dental Officer, NZ, International
Symposium on Fluoridation, Porte Alegre, Brazil, September 1988
-
- 15. Proceedings, City of Orville Vs. Public Utilities
Commission of the State of Carlifornia, Orville, CA, October 20-21 (1955)
-
- 16. AMA Council Hearing, Chicago, August 7, 1957
-
- 17. NTEU - "Why EPA's Headquarters Union of Scientists
Opposes Fluoridation, " Prepared on behalf of the National Treasury
Employees Union Chapter 280 by Chapter Senior Vice-President J. William
Hirzy, Ph.D. , http://www.bruha.com/fluoride/html/nteu_paper.htm, http://www.cadvision.com/fluoride/epa2.htm
-
- 18. Yiamouyannis, J - "Water fluoridation and tooth
decay: Results from the 1986-1987 national survey of U.S. school children"
Fluoride 23:55-67 (1990). Data also analyzed by Gerard Judd, Ph.D., in:Judd
G - "Good Teeth Birth To Death", Research Publications, Glendale
Arizona (1997), EPA Research #2 (1994)
-
- 19. Teotia SPS, Teotia M -"Dental Caries: A Disorder
of High Fluoride And Low Dietary Calcium Interactions (30 years of Personal
Research), Fluoride, 1994 27:59-66 (1994)
-
- 20. Imai Y - "Study of the relationship between
fluorine ions in drinking water and dental caries in Japan". Koku
Eisei Gakkai Zasshi 22(2):144-96 (1972)
-
- 21. Steelink, Cornelius, PhD, U of AZ Chem Department,
in: Chem and Eng News, Jan 27, 1992, p.2; Sci News March 5, 1994, p.159
-
- 22. Giambro NJ, Prostak K, Denbesten PK - "Characterization
Of Fluorosed Human Enamel By Color Reflectance, Ultrastructure, And Elemental
Composition" Fluoride 28:4, 216 (1995) also Caries Research 29 (4)
251-257 (1995)
-
- 23. Duncan WK, Silberman SL, Trubman A - "Labial
hypoplasia of primary canines in black Head Start children" ASDC J
Dent Child 55(6):423-6 (1988)
-
- 24. Silberman SL, Duncan WK, Trubman A, Meydrech EF
- "Primary canine hypoplasia in Head Start children" J Public
Health Dent 49(1):15-8 (1989)
-
- 25. Li Y, Navia JM, Bian JY -""Caries experience
in deciduous dentition of rural Chinese children 3-5 years old in relation
to the presence or absence of enamel hypoplasia" Caries Res 30(1):8-15
(1996)
-
- 26. Ellwood RP, O'Mullane D - "The association
between developmental enamel defects and caries in populations with and
without fluoride in their drinking water" J Public Health Dent 56(2):76-80(1996)
-
- 27. Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Subcommittee
on Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, Committee on Toxicology, Board
on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on LifeSciences, National
Research Council, August 1993 p 47-48
-
- 28. "The Effect of Fluorine On Dental Caries"
Journal American Dental Association 31:1360 (1944)
-
- 29. Examples: http://ificinfo.health.org/insight/septoct97/flouride.htm;
http://www.wvda.org/nutrient/fluoride.html
-
- 30. Barrett S, Rovin S (Eds) -"The Tooth Robbers:
a Pro-Fluoridation Handbook" George F Stickley Co, Philadelphia pp
44-65 (1980)
-
- 31. Federal Register, 3/16/79, page 16006
-
- 32. Federal Register: December 28, 1995 (Volume 60,
Number 249)] Rules and Regulations , Page 67163-67175 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration, 21 CFR Part 101 Docket
No. 90N-0134, RIN 0910-AA19
-
- 33. The Report of the Department of Health and Social
Subjects, No. 41, Dietary Reference Values, Chapter 36 on fluoride (HMSO
1996). "No essential function for fluoride has been proven in humans."
-
- 34. "Is Fluoride an Essential Element?" Fluorides,
Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 66-68 (1971)
-
- 35. Richard Maurer and Harry Day, "The Non-Essentiality
of Fluorine in Nutrition," Journal of Nutrition, 62: 61-57(1957)
-
- 36. "Applied Chemistry", Second Edition, by
Prof. William R. Stine, Chapter 19 (see pp. 413 & 416) Allyn and Bacon,
Inc, publishers. "Fluoride has not been shown to be required for normal
growth or reproduction in animals or humans consuming an otherwise adequate
diet, nor for any specific biological function or mechanism."
-
- 37. National Center for Fluoridation Policy & Research
(NCFPR) http://fluoride.oralhealth.org/
-
- 38. Kick CH, Bethke RM, Edgington BH, Wilder OHM, Record
PR, Wilder W, Hill TJ, Chase SW - "Fluorine in Animal Nutrition"
Bulletin 558, US Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio (1935)
-
- 39. US MINERALS/COMMODITIES DATABASE http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/fluorspar/280396.txt
-
- 40. "The problem of providing optimum fluoride
intake for prevention of dental caries" - Food and Nutrition Board,
Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Academy of Sciences, National
Research Council, Pub.#294, (1953) ".. a person drinking fluoridated
water may be assumed to ingest only about 1 milligram per day from this
source ... the development of mottled enamel is, however, a potential hazard
of adding fluorides to food. The total daily intake of fluoride is the
critical quantity."
-
- 41. World Health Organization, International Drinking
Water Standards, 1971."In the assessment of the safety of a water
supply with respect to the fluoride concentration, the total daily fluoride
intake by the individual must be considered. Apart from variations in climatic
conditions, it is well known that in certain areas, fluoride containing
foods form an important part of the diet. The facts should be borne in
mind in deciding the concentration of fluoride to be permitted in drinking
water."
-
- 42. Review of Fluoride Benefits and Risks, Department
of Health and Human Services, p.45 (1991)
-
- 43. 200 papers to be posted at: http://www.bruha.com/fluoride
-
- 44. Washington Post - "3M to pare Scotchgard products,"
May 16, 2000 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A15648-2000May16.html
-
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