- Archaeologists have discovered Europe's oldest civilisation,
a network of dozens of temples, 2,000 years older than Stonehenge and the
Pyramids.
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- More than 150 gigantic monuments have been located beneath
the fields and cities of modern-day Germany, Austria and Slovakia. They
were built 7,000 years ago, between 4800BC and 4600BC. Their discovery,
revealed today by The Independent, will revolutionise the study of prehistoric
Europe, where an appetite for monumental architecture was thought to have
developed later than in Mesopotamia and Egypt.
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- In all, more than 150 temples have been identified. Constructed
of earth and wood, they had ramparts and palisades that stretched for up
to half a mile. They were built by a religious people who lived in communal
longhouses up to 50 metres long, grouped around substantial villages. Evidence
suggests their economy was based on cattle, sheep, goat and pig farming.
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- Their civilisation seems to have died out after about
200 years and the recent archaeological discoveries are so new that the
temple building culture does not even have a name yet.
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- Excavations have been taking place over the past few
years - and have triggered a re-evaluation of similar, though hitherto
mostly undated, complexes identified from aerial photographs throughout
central Europe.
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- Archaeologists are now beginning to suspect that hundreds
of these very early monumental religious centres, each up to 150 metres
across, were constructed across a 400-mile swath of land in what is now
Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and eastern Germany.
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- The most complex excavated so far - located inside the
city of Dresden - consisted of an apparently sacred internal space surrounded
by two palisades, three earthen banks and four ditches.
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- The monuments seem to be a phenomenon associated exclusively
with a period of consolidation and growth that followed the initial establishment
of farming cultures in the centre of the continent.
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- It is possible that the newly revealed early Neolithic
monument phenomenon was the consequence of an increase in the size of -
and competition between - emerging Neolithic tribal or pan-tribal groups,
arguably Europe's earliest mini-states.
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- After a relatively brief period - perhaps just one or
two hundred years - either the need or the socio-political ability to build
them disappeared, and monuments of this scale were not built again until
the Middle Bronze Age, 3,000 years later. Why this monumental culture collapsed
is a mystery.
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- The archaeological investigation into these vast Stone
Age temples over the past three years has also revealed several other mysteries.
First, each complex was only used for a few generations - perhaps 100 years
maximum. Second, the central sacred area was nearly always the same size,
about a third of a hectare. Third, each circular enclosure ditch - irrespective
of diameter - involved the removal of the same volume of earth. In other
words, the builders reduced the depth and/or width of each ditch in inverse
proportion to its diameter, so as to always keep volume (and thus time
spent) constant .
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- Archaeologists are speculating that this may have been
in order to allow each earthwork to be dug by a set number of special status
workers in a set number of days - perhaps to satisfy the ritual requirements
of some sort of religious calendar.
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- The multiple bank, ditch and palisade systems "protecting"
the inner space seem not to have been built for defensive purposes - and
were instead probably designed to prevent ordinary tribespeople from seeing
the sacred and presumably secret rituals which were performed in the "inner
sanctum" .
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- The investigation so far suggests that each religious
complex was ritually decommissioned at the end of its life, with the ditches,
each of which had been dug successively, being deliberately filled in.
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- "Our excavations have revealed the degree of monumental
vision and sophistication used by these early farming communities to create
Europe's first truly large scale earthwork complexes," said the senior
archaeologist, Harald Staeuble of the Saxony state government's heritage
department, who has been directing the archaeological investigations. Scientific
investigations into the recently excavated material are taking place in
Dresden.
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- The people who built the huge circular temples were the
descendants of migrants who arrived many centuries earlier from the Danube
plain in what is now northern Serbia and Hungary. The temple-builders were
pastoralists, controlling large herds of cattle, sheep and goats as well
as pigs. They made tools of stone, bone and wood, and small ceramic statues
of humans and animals. They manufactured substantial amounts of geometrically
decorated pottery, and they lived in large longhouses in substantial villages.
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- One village complex and temple at Aythra, near Leipzig,
covers an area of 25 hectares. Two hundred longhouses have been found there.
The population would have been up to 300 people living in a highly organised
settlement of 15 to 20 very large communal buildings.
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- ©2005 Independent News & Media (UK) Ltd.
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- http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/story.jsp?story=645976
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