- History has shown that human societies often misjudge
risk, and that is the case today. With world attention focused almost exclusively
on terrorism and Iraq, another, even more serious security threat deepens
-- the global environmental/humanitarian crisis.
-
- While we remain virtually hypnotized by terrorism, humanity
is quietly destroying the biosphere in which we live, ourselves and our
future along with it. Just since 9/11, 25 million children died from preventable
causes, the world's population grew by 200 million people and thousands
of species went extinct. Also, 250,000 square miles of forest were lost,
50,000 square miles of arable land turned to desert, 8 billion tons of
carbon were added to the atmosphere and air pollution claimed more than
4 million lives.
-
- Our boat is sinking, we know the causes and consequences,
and we know how to solve the problem. Yet policy-makers keep rearranging
the deck chairs. Left unattended, this broad environmental/humanitarian
crisis will foreclose any hope for security in the world. Certainly we
must address terrorism, but just as certainly we must ensure our planet's
sustainability.
-
- Some of the key indicators of our current condition help
put these relative risks in perspective.
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- Population
-
- World population stands at 6.4 billion, more than four
times its number at the start of the 20th century. Although some nations
have reached population stability, many of the poorest, developing nations
are far from it. The population -- growing by 74 million a year -- is projected
to reach 9 billion by 2050, the additional billions coming almost exclusively
in the poorest countries.
-
- The largest generation of young people ever, some 1.7
billion ages 10 to 24, is just now reaching reproductive age. Where fertility
remains high there is widespread poverty, discrimination against women,
high infant mortality and lack of access to family planning, health care
and education. More than 350 million women lack any access to family planning.
Some religions oppose contraception, and female infanticide has become
epidemic. Programs to stabilize population need about $20 billion a year
(about one week's worth of world military expenditures) but now receive
about $3 billion a year.
-
- Consumption
-
- Conspicuous consumption has become a homogenizing force
across the developed world. Just since 1950, we have consumed more goods
and services than all previous generations combined. The consumption of
energy, steel and timber more than doubled; fossil fuel use and car ownership
increased four-fold; meat production and fish catch increased five-fold;
paper use increased six-fold, and air travel increased 100-fold.
-
- In the United States, where malls are more prevalent
than high schools, shopping has become the primary cultural activity. Although
world economic output continues to increase, when real costs are calculated,
sustainable economic welfare has been in decline since the '70s. One measure
of resource consumption of humanity -- our "ecological footprint"
-- surpassed sustainable levels in the late '70s, and for an average American
is now 20 times that of a person in some developing countries.
-
- Studies estimate that, if the developing world were to
consume at our rate, another five or six planets would be needed to sustain
this level of consumption. The United Nations says that a 10-fold reduction
in resource consumption (or a 10-fold increase in energy/material efficiency)
in industrialized countries will be needed for adequate resources to be
available for developing countries.
-
- Rich-poor divide
-
- The unequal distribution of consumption adds to environmental,
social and economic damage as well. The gap in per-capita income between
rich and poor nations has doubled in the past 40 years. The upper 20 percent
in economic class -- Europe, Japan, North America -- account for more than
80 percent of the material and energy consumed globally while the poorest
20 percent account for just 1 percent of consumption. The world's 350 billionaires
have a combined net worth exceeding that of the poorest 2.5 billion people.
Those poor live on less than $2 a day and lack basic sanitation, health
care, clean water and adequate food.
-
- Despite unprecedented economic expansion of the '90s,
today some 900 million adults are illiterate and 30,000 kids die every
day from preventable causes. Poor countries pay more than $350 billion
a year just to service the interest on their debt to developed countries
(a total of $2.4 trillion) and often try to raise this money through environmentally
destructive activities. Some countries spend more to service their foreign
debt than on education and health care combined.
-
- Biodiversity
-
- Ecologists fear we are losing between 50 and 150 species
each day, a rate thousands of times higher than the evolutionary background
extinction rate of about one species a year. Some estimate that we have
lost perhaps 600,000 species since the "biotic holocaust" began
around 1950; if present trends continue, half of all species on Earth would
be extinct in the next 50 years. Overhunting, invasive species, pollution
and climate change are factors in this sixth mass extinction event, but
by far the greatest cause is habitat loss. The lost ecological services
could be devastating. It may take 5 million to 10 million years for biological
diversity to recover.
-
- Forests
-
- Half of Earth's original forest cover is gone, and an
additional 30 percent is degraded or fragmented. Only 20 percent of the
original forest on Earth remains today as large, relatively undisturbed
"frontier forests." And half of this frontier forest is threatened
by human activity, mostly by logging. Another 100,000 square miles of forest
is lost each year, mostly in the tropics, and only a very small amount
of this forest loss is offset by regrowth.
-
- Since 1960, about 30 percent of the Earth's tropical
forests have disappeared and with them, thousands of species. Between 50
percent and 90 percent of the terrestrial species inhabit and depend upon
the forests, and more than half of the threatened vertebrate species on
Earth are forest animals. The link is clear: lose forests -- lose species.
-
- Food
-
- Today about 1 billion people are undernourished and 600
million are overnourished. The United Nations lists 86 countries that can't
grow or buy enough food and predicts that by 2010 global food supply will
begin to fall short of demand.
-
- More than 6 million people a year, mostly children, die
from malnutrition. Grain production is declining and environmentally damaging
meat production continues to increase. The 1.3 billion cattle (weighing
more than all of humanity) have degraded a quarter of the planet's land
surface.
-
- More than 10 percent of world farmland and 70 percent
of the world rangeland is degraded, and poor agricultural practices result
in the loss of more than 20 billion tons of topsoil a year.
-
- Water
-
- Fresh water may well be the most precious substance on
Earth. People use about half of all available fresh water, causing aquifers
to shrink around the world.
-
- Some 70 percent of all water used by humans goes to irrigation;
most simply leaks and evaporates from inefficient irrigation systems. Some
water tables, such as the north China plain, drop by more than a meter
a year. Two billion people have no choice but to
-
- drink water contaminated with human and animal waste
and chemical pollution.
-
- The World Health Organization estimates there are 1.5
billion cases of diarrhea a year in children from contaminated water, causing
3 million deaths.
-
- Today, water supplies in 36 nations in Africa, Asia and
the Middle East are not sufficient to meet grain production needs. In China,
400 cities suffer from acute water shortage and half of the nation's rivers
are polluted. The world lost half of its wetlands in the past century,
and more than 22,000 square miles of arable land turns into desert each
year. It's projected that in 20 years, the demand for water will increase
by 50 percent and two-thirds of the world population will be water-stressed.
-
- Atmosphere
-
- Air pollution exceeds health limits daily in many cities
in the world. Some 5,000 people a day die from air pollution, and kids
in some cities inhale the equivalent of two packs of cigarettes every day
just by breathing the air.
-
- Carbon emissions from burning fossil fuel now stand at
6.5 billion tons a year (four times 1950 levels), resulting in atmospheric
carbon dioxide concentrations 33 percent greater than pre-industrial levels.
-
- Global warming is no longer seriously doubted, and nine
of the hottest years on record have occurred since 1990. The warming has
accelerated the melting of polar ice caps and mountain glaciers; a rising
sea level has inundated some Pacific islands, and more frequent and severe
droughts, storms and floods cost more than $50 billion and 20,000 lives
a year. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded most of
the warming over past 50 years was human-induced.
-
- Oceans
-
- Once thought to be inexhaustible, the Earth's oceans
are more polluted and overexploited than at any other time in history.
Seventy percent of world fish populations are either overfished or nearly
so. Marine pollution has increased dramatically, and warming ocean temperatures
have killed more than a fourth of the world's coral reefs. The 1998 coral
"bleaching" event killed almost half of all Indian Ocean corals
in just a few months, and Australia's Great Barrier Reef is threatened
with complete collapse by the end of the century if warming continues.
-
- If we connect these dots, the picture is clear: We are
approaching a breaking point on the home planet.
-
- The fate of the Earth may well be decided in our lifetime,
and we all should begin behaving as though we are living together on one
small, precious, life-sustaining spaceship, which indeed we are.
-
- The solution is straightforward -- stabilize population,
reduce consumption and share wealth. We know exactly how to do this; we
just need to pay for it.
-
- The United Nations says $40 billion a year -- about what
consumers spend on cosmetics -- would provide everyone on Earth with clean
water, sanitation, health care, adequate nutrition and education.
-
- The secretary general of the 1992 Earth Summit cautioned,
"no place on the planet can remain an island of affluence in a sea
of misery ... we're either going to save the whole world or no one will
be saved."
-
- Without urgent attention, the global ecosystem will continue
to unravel and we'll consign future generations to a nightmare of deprivation,
insecurity and conflict.
-
- It's time to broaden our understanding of security beyond
just that of terrorism to securing a sustainable future for spaceship Earth.
-
- - Richard Steiner is a professor and conservation specialist
at the University of Alaska-Fairbanks.
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- ©1996-2004 Seattle Post-Intelligencer http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/175309_focus30.html
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