- KRUGER NATIONAL PARK, South
Africa (Reuters) - Seemingly oblivious to the large group of crocodiles
resting on a nearby sandbank, four rare black storks sun themselves in
South Africa's Kruger National Park.
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- But the real danger to these elusive birds, which resemble
colorful sentinels with their striking red beaks and legs set against glossy
black feathers, is not the razor-sharp teeth of the crocodiles who lie
just a few yards away.
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- It is the teeth of chainsaws thousands of miles to the
north, where old growth forests -- habitat vital to the bird's survival
-- are being mowed down.
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- The black stork is one of many species which scientists
fear could follow the dinosaurs down the road to extinction because of
human activities such as logging, farming and building dams.
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- Many credible scientists fear that the sixth mass extinction
in the planet's long history is unfolding -- a doomsday scenario dismissed
as alarmist by some.
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- A recent U.N. report, prepared ahead of a summit next
month in Johannesburg on the environment and poverty, warned that 12 percent,
or 1,183 bird species, and 1,130, or nearly a quarter of all mammal species,
are regarded as globally threatened.
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- A SIXTH EXTINCTION?
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- Mass extinctions have occurred five times in the four
billion year history of life.
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- They are loosely defined as moments in geological history
when half or more of all marine species -- which today are preserved in
fossils -- die off in a short period of time. (Terrestrial life is also
not believed to fare well during these periods).
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- According to one book on the subject, "The Sixth
Extinction," by Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin, the grim reaper first
visited Earth on this vast scale 450 million years ago.
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- The second mass extinction took place 100 million years
later, giving rise to coal forests. In the Triassic period 250 and 200
million years ago, two mass extinctions snuffed out countless species.
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- Then, 65 million years ago, scientists believe the dinosaurs
were killed off when a giant meteorite collided with Earth.
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- Scientists say the sixth extinction will have been brought
about entirely by people.
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- "In the next 50 to 100 years there is a good possibility
that there could be a mass extinction of species which is human-induced,"
said Dr. Susan Lieberman, director of the Species Program for the World
Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
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- "We are heading for a crisis. And we have to act
now if we are going to avert this," she told Reuters.
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- Leakey and Lewin estimate that perhaps 50 percent of
all species will become extinct in the next 100 years. Others take a more
measured view but agree that a crisis is looming.
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- Bjorn Lomborg argues in his controversial recent book,
"The Skeptical Environmentalist," that we could lose about 0.7
percent of the planet's species over the next five decades -- an estimate
far below many but one which he says is "not trivial."
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- Most scientists concede that the number of recorded extinctions
to date is far less than the "so many lost each day" estimates
cited in the more alarmist literature.
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- The Committee on Recently Extinct Organisms says at least
70 species of fish, birds and mammals have disappeared since 1970.
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- The WWF says 81 freshwater species of fish are recorded
to have become extinct in the last 100 years. The majority, 50, were endemic
to Africa's Lake Victoria and vanished because of the introduction there
of the voracious Nile perch.
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- Biologists say that countless species which have never
been discovered -- notably in tropical rain forests and marine ecosystems
-- have probably become extinct already.
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- BLACK STORKS AND WILD DOGS
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- The black stork and wild dog, two species in Kruger which
nobody disputes are endangered, sum up the threats to many.
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- The black stork's global population is about 7,000 to
9,500 nesting pairs, according to Latvian ornithologist Maris Strazds.
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- The biggest population, about 4,500 to 6,000, is found
in Europe, mostly in Poland, Belarus and Latvia.
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- Unlike their more gregarious and numerous cousin the
white stork, which often nests on farmhouses in Eastern Europe, the shy
and reclusive black stork prefers to decamp far from the madding crowd
in the quiet of old growth forests which are being targeted for exploitation.
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- "Latvian black storks nest in pine trees which are
on average around 200 years old. And trees of that age are very much in
the sights of loggers," said Strazds, whose name is Latvian for thrush.
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- Strazds said laws mandate a 50 acres logging ban around
their nests, but land owners often simply cut their trees down and plead
ignorance to the presence of the birds.
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- "The Latvian black stork population is bound to
fall to some 500 pairs (from about 900 pairs) because of logging...but
if we do not observe nest protection rules, it could fall rapidly to 20-odd
pairs in two decades or so," he said.
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- Habitat destruction by people is probably the primary
cause of species decline.
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- The U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization estimates
that forests, which cover around a third of the world's land surface, have
diminished by 2.4 percent since 1990.
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- The biggest losses have been in Africa, where 130 million
acres or 0.7 percent of its forest cover has vanished in the past decade.
Luckily for Kruger's black storks, their home habitat is at least protected.
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- Another Kruger resident, the wild dog, highlights the
age-old persecution of predators by farmers.
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- Also known as the "painted wolf" because of
the splashes of vivid color across its coat, the wild dog is the second
rarest carnivore in Africa after the Ethiopian wolf.
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- A highly social animal that hunts in packs, its numbers
have been reduced to an estimated 5,000 -- mostly in parts of southern
Africa and Tanzania -- mainly because of shooting and poisoning by farmers
worried about their livestock.
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- But even in a conservation stronghold such as Kruger,
its numbers are dwindling.
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- "The number of wild dogs here is down to under 200
now from over 400 a few years ago, and we really don't know why,"
said Kruger zoologist Gus Mills.
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- This is a cause for concern because, given their reputation
with farmers and their small numbers, it seems doubtful they could survive
for long outside protected or very remote areas.
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- OTHER THREATS
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- There are other threats to species besides habitat loss
and persecution, including global warming and pollution.
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- Humanity's soaring population, especially in developing
countries, is seen as putting added pressure on land and scarce resources,
to the detriment of the other species we share the planet with.
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- The WWF's most recent Living Planet Index (LPI), based
on population trends of hundreds of species of birds, mammals, reptiles,
amphibians and fish, has fallen 37 percent over the past 30 years.
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- "...Current human consumptive pressure is unsustainable,"
it says.
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- Humanity's impact on biodiversity will be high on the
agenda at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, known as Earth Summit
2, which will be held in Johannesburg from August 26-September 4.
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- Conservationists hope historians do not look back five
decades from now and see it as a missed opportunity to avert what could
be the greatest loss of life on the planet since the death of the dinosaurs.
(Additional reporting by Martins Gravitis in Riga)
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